tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74415274084710077652024-03-13T14:08:09.512-07:00Welcome To My BlogRestu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.comBlogger100125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-46007274410317993362014-03-30T04:36:00.001-07:002014-03-30T04:36:12.429-07:00IT Forensics (Etika & Profesionalisme TSI)<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Forensik identik dengan kriminal. Sampai saat ini forensik hanya sebatas identifikasi, analisa, dan proses untuk menemukan sumber dari masalah yang diidentifikasi, hal ini berdasarkan kejahatan pada kejadian nyata atau dalam kejahatan komputer. <span style="line-height: 150%;">IT Forensic adalah bagian kepolisian
yang menelusuri kejahatan-kejahatan dalam dunia komputer atau internet. Komputer
forensik yang juga dikenal dengan nama digital forensik, adalah salah satu
cabang ilmu forensik yang berkaitan dengan bukti legal yang ditemui pada
komputer dan media penyimpanan digital.Tujuan dari komputer forensik adalah
untuk menjabarkan keadaan kini dari suatu artefak digital. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Istilah artefak
digital bisa mencakup sebuah sistem komputer, media penyimpanan (seperti flash
disk, <span class="dfzy03" id="dfzy03_3">hard disk</span>, atau CD-ROM), sebuah dokumen elektronik (misalnya sebuah pesan
email atau gambar JPEG), atau bahkan sederetan paket yang berpindah dalam
jaringan komputer.</span></b></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span><span style="line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN
IT FORENSIC</span></span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Tujuan IT Forensik adalah untuk
mengamankan dan menganalisa bukti digital dari kejahatan. Kejahatan Komputer
dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Komputer Fraud, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Kejahatan atau pelanggaran dari segi
sistem organisasi komputer.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Komputer Crime, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Merupakan kegiatan berbahaya dimana
menggunakan media komputer dalam melakukan pelanggaran hukum.</span></b></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Untuk Menganalisis Barang Bukti Dalam
Bentuk Elektronik Atau Data Seperti :</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">NB / Komputer / Hardisk / MMC / CD /
<span class="dfzy03" id="dfzy03_5">Camera Digital</span> / Flash Disk dan <span class="dfzy03" id="dfzy03_4">SIM Card</span> / HP</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menyajikan atau menganalisis <span class="dfzy03" id="dfzy03_6">Chart Data</span>
Komunikasi Target</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menyajikan atau Analisis Data isi SMS
Target dari HP</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menentukan lokasi / Posisi Target atau
Mapping</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Menyajikan data yang atau dihapus atau
hilang dari barang bukti tersebut</span></b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Data atau barang bukti tersebut diatas
diolah dan dianalisis menggunakan software dan alat khusus untuk dimulainya IT
Forensics, hasil dari IT Forensics adalah sebuah Chart data Analisis komunikasi
data Target. Berikut prosedur forensics yang umum digunakan antara lain:</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Membuat copies dari keseluruhan log
data, files, dan lain - lain yang dianggap perlu pada media terpisah.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Membuat finerptint dari copies secara
otomatis</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Membuat fingerprint dari copies secara
otomatis</span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Membuat suatu hashes materlist</span> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dokumentasi yang baik dari segala
sesuatu yang telah dikerjakan</span></b></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sumber:</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">http://priscapica-tugassoftskill.blogspot.com/2013/05/it-forensics.html</span></b></span></span><br />
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-512879333984859912014-03-30T04:17:00.003-07:002014-03-30T04:17:38.891-07:00Modus-modus Kejahatan Dalam Teknologi Informasi (Etika & Profesionalisme TSI)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi Internet, menyebabkan munculnya
kejahatan yang disebut dengan “CyberCrime” atau kejahatan melalui
jaringan Internet. Munculnya beberapa kasus “CyberCrime” di Indonesia,
seperti pencurian kartu kredit, hacking beberapa situs, menyadap
transmisi data orang lain, misalnya email, dan memanipulasi data dengan
cara menyiapkan perintah yang tidak dikehendaki ke dalam programmer
komputer. Sehingga dalam kejahatan komputer dimungkinkan adanya delik
formil dan delik materil. Delik formil adalah perbuatan seseorang yang
memasuki komputer orang lain tanpa ijin, sedangkan delik materil adalah
perbuatan yang menimbulkan akibat kerugian bagi orang lain. Adanya
CyberCrime telah menjadi ancaman stabilitas, sehingga pemerintah sulit
mengimbangi teknik kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan teknologi komputer,
khususnya jaringan internet dan intranet. Biasanya yang memiliki kemampuan seperti itu memiliki keahlian akan tetapi keahlian yang dimiliki disalah gunakan berakibat kejahatan dibidang teknologi.</b></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Pengertian <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_6">Cybercrime</span></strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cybercrime merupakan bentuk-bentuk kejahatan yang ditimbulkan karena pemanfaatan teknologi internet.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dapat didefinisikan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan
dengan menggunakan internet yang berbasis pada kecanggihan teknologi
computer dan telekomunikasi.</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Karakteristik Unik dari Cybercrime</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ruang lingkup kejahatan</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sifat kejahatan</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pelaku kejahatan</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Modus kejahatan</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Jenis kerugian yang ditimbulkan</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Jenis Cybercrime</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Berdasarkan Jenis Aktivitasnya</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i><span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_4">Unauthorized Access</span>. </i>Terjadi
ketika seseorang memasuki atau menyusup ke dalam suatu system jaringan komputer secara tidak sah, tanpa izin atau tanpa sepengetahuan dari
pemilik system jaringan computer yang dimasukinya.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Illegal Contents. </i>Merupakan kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan
memasukkan data atau informasi ke internet tentang sesuatu hal yang
tidak benar, tidak etis, dan dapat dianggap melanggar hokum atau
mengganggu ketertiban umum.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Penyebaran Virus Secara Sengaja. </i>Penyebaran virus umumnya
dilakukan dengan menggunakan email. Seringkali orang yang system
emailnya terkena virus tidak menyadari hal ini. Virus ini kemudian
dikirimkan ke tempat lain melalui emailnya.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Data Forgery. </i>Kejahatan jenis ini bertujuan untuk memalsukan data pada dokumen-dokumen penting yang ada di Internet.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Cyber Espionage, Sabotage and <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_7">Extortion</span>. </i>Merupakan
kejahatan yang memanfaatkan jaringan internet untuk melakukan kegiatan
mata-mata terhadap pihak lain dengan memasuki system jaringan computer
pihak sasaran. Selanjutnya, sabotage and extortion merupakan jenis
kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan membuat gangguan, perusakan atau
penghancuran terhadap suatu data, <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_3">program computer</span> atau system jaringan computer yang terhubung dengan internet.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Cyberstalking. </i>Dilakukan untuk mengganggu atau melecehkan
seseorang dengan memanfaatkan computer, misalnya menggunakan e-mail dan
dilakukan berulang-ulang. Kejahatan tersebut menyerupai terror yang
ditujukan kepada seseorang dengan memanfaatkan media internet.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Carding. </i>Merupakan kejahatan yang dilakukan untuk mencuri nomor <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_5">kartu kredit</span> milik orang lain dan digunakan dalam transaksi perdagangan di internet.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Hacking dan Cracking. </i>Istilah <i>hacker</i> biasanya mengacu
pada seseorang yang mempunyai minat besar untuk mempelajari system
computer secara detail dan bagaimana meningkatkan kapabilitasnya.
Aktivitas <i>cracking</i> di internet memiliki lingkungan yang sangat
luas, mulai dari pembajakan account milik orang lain, pembajakan situs
web, probing, menyebarkan virus, hingga pelumpuhan target sasaran.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Cybersquatting and Typosquatting. </i>Merupakan kejahatan yang
dilakukan dengan mendaftarkan domain nama perusahaan orang lain dan
kemudian berusaha menjualnya kepada perusahaan tersebut dengan harga
yang lebih mahal. <i>Typosquatting </i>adalah kejahatan dengan membuat domain yang mirip dengan nama domain orang lain.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Hijacking. </i>Merupakan kejahatan melakukan pembajakan hasil karya orang lain. Yang paling sering terjadi adalah <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_2">Software Piracy</span> (pembajakan perangkat lunak)</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Cyber Terorism. </i>Suatu tindakan cybercrime termasuk cyber
terorism jika mengancam pemerintah atau warganegara, termasuk cracking
ke situs pemerintah atau militer.</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Berdasarkan Motif Kejahatannya</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Sebagai tindakan murni kriminal. </i>Kejahatan yang murni merupakan tindak <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_8">kriminal</span>
yang dilakukan karena motif kriminalitas. Kejahatan jenis ini biasanya
menggunakan internet hanya sebagai sarana kejahatan. Contoh kejahatan
semacam ini adalah Carding.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Cybercrime sebagai kejahatan “abu-abu”. </i>Pada jenis kejahatan
di internet yang masuk dalam “wilayah abu-abu” cukup sulit menentukan
apakah itu merupakan tindakan criminal atau bukan, mengingat motif
kegiatannya terkadang bukan untuk berbuat kejahatan. Contohnya adalah <i>probing </i>atau <i>portscanning. </i>Ini adalah sebutan untuk semacam tindakan pengintaian terhadap sistem
milik orang lain dengan mengumpulkan informasi sebanyak-banyaknya dari
sistem yang diintai, termasuk sistem operasi yang digunakan, port-port
yang ada, baik yang terbuka maupun tertutup, dan sebagainya.</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong> Berdasarkan Sasaran Kejahatannya<br />
</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menyerang Individu (Against Person). Jenis kejahatan ini, sasaran
serangannya ditujukan kepada perorangan atau individu yang memiliki
sifat atau criteria tertentu sesuai tujuan penyerangan tersebut.
Beberapa contoh kejahatan ini antara lain : Pornografi, Cyberstalking,
Cyber Tresspass</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menyerang Hak Milik (Against Property). Cybercrime yang dilakukan
untuk mengganggu atau menyerang hak milik orang lain. Contoh: carding,
cybersquatting, typosquatting, hijacking, data forgery</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menyerang Pemerintah (Against Government). Cybercrime Against
Government dilakukan dengan tujuan khusus penyerangan terhadap
pemerintah</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Cyber Crime</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Faktor Politik</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Faktor Ekonomi</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Faktor Sosial Budaya</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> Ada beberapa aspek untuk Faktor Sosial Budaya:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kemajuan <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_1">Teknologi Informasi</span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sumber Daya Manusia</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Komunitas Baru</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Dampak Cybercrime Terhadap Keamanan Negara</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kurangnya kepercayaan dunia terhadap Indonesia</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Berpotensi menghancurkan negara</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Dampak Cybercrime Terhadap Keamanan Dalam Negri</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kerawanan social dan politik yang ditimbulkan dari Cybercrime antara
lain isu-isu yang meresahkan, memanipulasi simbol-simbol kenegaraan,
dan partai politik dengan tujuan untuk mengacaukan keadaan agar tercipta
suasana yang tidak kondusif.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Munculnya pengaruh negative dari maraknya situs-situs porno yang
dapat diakses bebas tanpa batas yang dapat merusak moral bangsa.</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Menuju UU Cyber Republik Indonesia</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Strategi Penanggulangan Cyber Crime</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>a. Strategi Jangka Pendek</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Penegakan hukum pidana</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mengoptimalkan UU khusus lainnya</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Rekruitment aparat penegak hukum</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>b. Strategi Jangka Menengah</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cyber police</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kerjasama internasional</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>c. Strategi Jangka Panjang</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Membuat UU cyber crime</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Membuat perjanjian bilateral</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> Sumber:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://anwarabdi.wordpress.com/2013/05/02/modus-modus-kejahatan-dalam-teknologi-informasi/</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>https://balianzahab.wordpress.com/cybercrime/modus-modus-kejahatan-dalam-teknologi-informasi/</b></span></span></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-49742849600775458482014-03-30T03:48:00.000-07:002014-03-30T03:48:22.294-07:00Pengertian Profesi dan Profesionalisme (Etika & Profesionalisme TSI)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Profesi adalah kata serapan dari sebuah jata dalam bahasa Inggris
“Profess”, yang bermakna Janji untuk memenuhi kewajiban melakuakn suatu
tugas khusus secara tetap atau permanen. Profesi sendiri memiliki arti sebuah
pekerjaan yang membutuhkan pelatihan dan penguasaan terhadap suatu
pengetahuan dan keahlian khusus. Suatu profesi biasanya memiliki
asosiasi profesi, kode etik, serta proses setrifikasi dan lisensi yang
khusus untuk bidang profesi tersebut. Contoh profesi adalah dibidang hukum, kedokteran, pendidikan, keuangan, militer, dan lain-lain. Profesi adalah pekerjaan, namun tidak semua pekerjaan adalah profesi karena profesi harus memiliki keahlian khusus yang belum tentu dimiliki seseorang di bidangnya masing-masing.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Berikut adalah karateristik profesi secara umum:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>-Keterampilan yang berdasarkan pada pengetahuan teoritis :
Professional dapat diasumsikan mempunyai pengetahuan teoritis yang
ekstensif dan memiliki keterampilan yang berdasarkan pada pengetahuan
tersebut dan bisa diterapkan dalam praktik.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Asosiasi professional : Profesi biasanya memiliki badan yang
diorganisasi oleh para anggotanya, yang dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan
status para anggotanya. Organisasi tersebut biasanya memiliki
persyaratan khusus untuk menjadi anggotanya.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span id="more-503"></span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Pendidikan yang ekstensif : Profesi yang prestisius biasanya memerlukan pendidikan yang <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_1">lama</span> dalam jenjang pendidikan tinggi.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Ujian kompetensi : Sebelum memasuki organisasi professional,
biasanya ada persyaratan untuk lulus dari suatu tes yang menguji
terutama pengetahuan teoritis.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Pelatihan institusional : Selain ujian, juga biasanya dipersyaratkan untuk mengikuti pelatihan istitusional dimana calon <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_3">profesional</span>
mendapatkan pengalaman praktis sebelum menjadi anggota penuh
organisasi. Peningkatan keterampilan melalui pengembangan profesional
juga dipersyaratkan.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Lisensi : Profesi menetapkan syarat pendaftaran dan proses
sertifikasi sehingga hanya mereka yang memiliki lisensi bisa dianggap
bisa dipercaya.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Otonomi kerja : Profesional cenderung mengendalikan kerja dan
pengetahuan teoretis mereka agar terhindar adanya intervensi dari <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_2">luar</span>.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>- Kode etik : Organisasi profesi biasanya memiliki kode etik bagi
para anggotanya dan prosedur pendisiplinan bagi mereka yang melanggar
aturan. Menurut UU NO. 8 (POKOK-POKOK KEPEGAWAIAN), Kode etik profesi adalah pedoman sikap, tingkah laku dan perbuatan dalam melaksanakan tugas dan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Tujuan Kode etik :</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Untuk menjunjung <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_4">tinggi</span> martabat profesi</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan para anggota.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian para anggota profesi.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Meningkatkan layanan di atas keuntungan pribadi.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat dan terjalin erat.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menentukan baku standarnya sendiri.</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Mengatur Diri : Organisasi profesi harus bisa mengatur
organisasinya sendiri tanpa campur tangan pemerintah. Profesional diatur
oleh mereka yang lebih senior, praktisi yang dihormati, atau mereka
yang berkualifikasi paling tinggi.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Layanan publik dan altruisme : Diperolehnya penghasilan dari kerja
profesinya dapat dipertahankan selama berkaitan dengan kebutuhan publik,
seperti layanan dokter berkontribusi terhadap kesehatan masyarakat.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>- Status dan imbalan yang tinggi : Profesi yang paling sukses akan
meraih status yang tinggi, prestise, dan imbalan yang layak bagi para
anggotanya. Hal tersebut bisa dianggap sebagai pengakuan terhadap
layanan yang mereka berikan bagi masyarakat.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Seseorang yang memiliki profesi tertentu disebut profesional. Sedangkan profesionalisme adalah komitmen para profesional terhadap profesinya.
Komitmen tersebut ditunjukkan dengan kebanggaan dirinya sebagai tenaga
profesional, usaha terus-menerus untuk mengembangkan kemampuan
profesional, memiliki kemampuan atas profesi yang dimiliki, dan seterusnya.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ada 4 ciri‐ciri profesionalisme:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Memiliki keterampilan yang tinggi dalam suatu bidang serta kemahiran
dalam menggunakan peralatan tertentu yang diperlukan dalam pelaksanaan
tugas yangbersangkutan dengan bidang tadi.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Memiliki ilmu dan pengalaman serta kecerdasan dalam menganalisis
suatu masalah dan peka di dalam membaca situasi cepat dan tepat serta
cermat dalam mengambil keputusan terbaik atas dasar kepekaan.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Memiliki sikap berorientasi ke depan sehingga punya kemampuan
mengantisipasi perkembangan lingkungan yang terbentang di hadapannya.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Memiliki sikap mandiri berdasarkan keyakinan akan kemampuan pribadi
serta terbuka menyimak dan menghargai pendapat orang lain, namun cermat
dalam memilih yang terbaik bagi diri dan perkembangan pribadinya.</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Profesional itu adalah seseorang yang memiliki 3 hal pokok dalam dirinya, Skill, Knowledge, dan Attitude. </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>-Skill</i> adalah seseorang itu benar-benar ahli dan menguasai di bidangnya.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>-Knowledge</i>, tak hanya ahli di bidangnya tetapi juga menguasai,
minimal tahu dan berwawasan tentang ilmu-ilmu lain yang berhubungan dengan
bidangnya.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>-Attitude</i>, bukan hanya pintar dan cerdas tetapi juga mempunyai etika yang diterapkan dalam bidangnya.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sumber:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://ekonurzhafar.wordpress.com/2012/03/05/pengertian-profesi-dan-profesionalisme/</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://azenismail.wordpress.com/2013/06/04/pengertian-profesi-dan-profesionalisme/ </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-14253918327163453232014-03-30T03:25:00.003-07:002014-03-30T03:25:27.200-07:00Pengertian Etika (Etika & Profesionalisme TSI)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Istilah Etika
berasal dari bahasa Yunani kuno. Bentuk tunggal kata ‘etika’ yaitu ethos
sedangkan bentuk jamaknya yaitu ta etha. Ethos mempunyai banyak arti yaitu :
tempat tinggal yang biasa, <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_6">padang</span> rumput, kandang, kebiasaan/adat, akhlak,watak,
perasaan, sikap, cara berpikir. Sedangkan arti ta etha yaitu adat kebiasaan. </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Etika merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari tentang nilai-nilai baik dan buruk, berhubungan dengan hal-hal yang dianggap benar dan salah, kewajiban
moralitas, serta kumpulan asas atau nilai yang berkenaan dengan akhlak. Contohnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah, terutama pada sikap dan perilaku dari seseorang apakah menunjukan etika yang baik atau tidak. Etika merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari perbuatan baik dan buruk manusia dan juga merupakan penerapan konsep baik atau benarnya.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kata ‘etika’ dalam Kamus Besar <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_1">Bahasa Indonesia</span> yang baru (Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1988 – mengutip dari Bertens 2000), mempunyai arti:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ilmu tentang apa yang baik dan apa yang buruk dan tentang hak dan kewajiban <span class="thzy83aqjvf" id="thzy83aqjvf_3">moral</span> (akhlak);</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kumpulan asas atau nilai yang berkenaan dengan akhlak;</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Nilai mengenai benar dan salah yang dianut suatu golongan atau masyarakat.</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sumber:</b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://tuunii.wordpress.com/2013/05/30/pengertian-etika/ </b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://yanhasiholan.wordpress.com/2013/10/16/pengertian-etika-profesi-dan-etika-profesi/ </b></span></span></div>
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Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-10423737631951984492014-01-12T04:02:00.000-08:002014-01-12T04:02:35.231-08:00Tugas Proses Komunitas Java (Java Community Process JCP) (Pengantar Telematika)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKULTAS ILMU
KOMPUTER & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TUGAS
PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Depok</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2014</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ABSTRAKSI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Latifah. 13110973</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Novika Ari Pahlawati. 15110080</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Restu Anjani. 15110772</span></div>
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<a href="http://patrisachi.blogspot.com/2012/01/konsep-pemrograman-jaringan-dengan.html"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">JURNAL</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PERANCANGAN,
IMPLEMENTASI, DAN ANALISIS KINERJA <i>VIRTUALISASI SERVER </i>MENGGUNAKAN <i>PROXMOX,
VMWARE ESX, </i>DAN <i>OPENSTACK</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tugas Pengantar Telematika. Jurusan Sistem Informasi,
Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas Gunadarma, 2013</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata Kunci : </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Virtualisasi, High
Availibility Server, Overhead, Linearitas</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ii</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">i + 14 halaman</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Banyak
tipe <i>processor </i>yang mempunyai inti lebih dari satu, terutama pada <i>server.
</i>Dengan melihat potensi <i>prosessor </i>yang mempunyai inti lebih dari satu
tersebut, kita dapat memanfaatkannya untuk menjalankan aplikasi-aplikasi dan <i>services
</i>secara bersamaan menggunakan teknik <i>virtualisasi </i>pada komputer <i>server</i>.
Konsep <i>cluster high </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">availability </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang
terdapat pada <i>virtualisasi server </i>dapat mengurangi biaya dan
menyederhanakan pengelolaan pelayanan teknologi informasi. Berdasarkan hal
tersebut, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran terhadap beberapa <i>virtualisasi
server </i>menggunakan metode <i>overhead</i>, dan linearitas untuk mengetahui
kinerja <i>virtualisasi server</i>. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metode yang digunakan adalah
dengan cara</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perancangan, dan implementasi <i>Proxmox, vmware esx </i>dan <i>openstack
</i>pada <i>server multicore</i>, dan</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dilakukan
analisa kinerja dari <i>virtualisasi server </i>tersebut. Hasil utama dari
penelitian ini adalah</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perancangan, dan implementasi <i>virtualisasi server </i>menggunakan
<i>Proxmox, vmware, </i>dan</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">openstack </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serta
deskripsi analisa, hasil kinerja masing-masing model <i>virtualisasi server </i>tersebut<i>.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Daftar Pustaka (2012-2013)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ii</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Halaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman
Judul.............................................................................................................................i</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstraksi....................................................................................................................................ii</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Isi...................................................................................................................................iii</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">PENDAHULUAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">......................................................................................................................</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.............................................................................................................2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERUMUSAN
MASALAH......................................................................................................3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN
PENELITIAN............................................................................................................3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE
PENELITIAN...........................................................................................................3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LANDASAN
TEORI.................................................................................................................5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IMPLEMENTASI
SISTEM.......................................................................................................7</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN......................................................................................................................10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN........................................................................................................................11</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN....................................................................................................................................13</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA..............................................................................................................13</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">iii</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan server dengan processor berinti
banyak semakin banyak dijumpai, masing-masing vendor produsen processor mempunyai
berbagai macam tipe processor dengan inti lebih dari satu. Processor dengan inti
lebih dari satu mempunyai kemampuan yang cukup untuk melakukan berbagai macam
proses secara bersamaan, akan tetapi belum semua aplikasi pada saat ini yang dapat
memanfaatkan secara optimal prosesor berinti banyak (multiprosessor) tersebut.
Berdasarkan pengamatan dari Tony Iams, analis senior di D.H. Brown Associates Inc,
NY, server di sebagian besar organisasi hanya menggunakan 15-20% dari kapasitas
sesungguhnya, tentu saja angka tersebut merupakan rasio yang jauh dari ideal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan melihat potensi prosessor yang mempunyai inti lebih dari
satu tersebut, dapat kita manfaatkan untuk menjalankan aplikasi-aplikasi dan
services secara bersamaan menggunakan teknik virtualisasi pada komputer server.
Tanggapan vendor produsen processor terhadap semakin dibutuhkannya teknologi
virtualisasi juga dibuktikan dengan menambahkan dukungan terhadap proses
virtualisasi di dalam processor yang mereka produksi sehingga teknologi virtualisasi
yang akan digunakan pada processor berinti banyak tersebut dapat memiliki kinerja
yang optimal ketika menjalankan sistem operasi dan program</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aplikasi secara virtual.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi virtualisasi server yang diterapkan
pada server dengan processor berinti lebih dari satu, dapat kita manfaatkan untuk
menjalankan aplikasi-aplikasi dan Jurnal Teknologi, services secara
virtualisasi. Konsep virtualisasi server merupakan paragidma baru dalam perkembangan
teknologi. Hal ini dikarenakan virtualisasi server memungkinkan penggunaan satu
perangkat keras untuk menjalankan beberapa sistem operasi dan services pada
saat yang sama, sehingga client dapat menggunakan sumber daya tersebut sesuai dengan
kebutuhannya berbasis internet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Virtualisasi server adalah penggunaan perangkat
lunak yang memungkinkan satu perangkat keras untuk menjalankan beberapa sistem
operasi dan services pada saat yang sama, sedangkan virtual server adalah penggunaan
perangkat lunak yang memungkinkan banyak perangkat keras untuk menjalankan satu
sistem secara terpadu. Teknologi virtualisasi server ini bertujuan untuk
menghindari pemborosan daya proses yang mahal atau dengan kata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lain meningkatkan efisiensi serta mengoptimalkan penggunaan
processor berinti lebih dari satu. Penghematan lain adalah biaya listrik karena
hanya menggunakan satu atau sedikit server saja.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat ini banyak sekali metode perancangan
virtualisasi server dengan tipe cluster high availibility, antara lain menggunakan
proxmox, vmware esx dan openstack yang merupakan tipe virtualisasi server yang free
dan mudah dalam instalasi. Diantara beberapa tipe virtualisasi server tersebut
terdapat perbedaan dalam hal kinerja. Hal ini dikarenakan beberapa tipe virtualisasi
server tersebut dibuat oleh beberapa vendor yang berbeda.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa penelitian yang berkaitan dengan
<i>Cloud Computing </i>antara lain Zulhaidi dan Dipojono (2002), Penelitian ini
membahas menjelaskan desain dan implementasi perangkat keras yang diperlukan
untuk <i>cluster </i>pada <i>Cloud</i> <i>Computing</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian lain yang berhubungan dengan <i>virtualisasi
</i>juga dilakukan oleh Fauzi (2008). Dalam tesisnya Fauzi mencari tahu sejauh
mana atau seberapa baik skalabilitas saat menggunakan <i>virtualisasi </i>jika dibandingkan
dengan implementasi <i>native</i> dengan menggunakan satu pendekatan <i>virtualisasi</i>.
Penelitian lain yang berkaitan dengan <i>virtualisasi server </i>yang lain
Chen, dkk (2006). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan infrastruktur TI
yang <i>reliable</i>, dalam arti bisa melakukan <i>update </i>dan <i>patch</i> tanpa
mematikan atau me-<i>restart </i>mesin <i>server </i>produksi yang sedang
berjalan. Penelitian lain yang berhubungan dengan virtualisasi juga dilakukan
oleh </span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benjamin, dkk</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(2007). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengetahui skalabilitas empat tipe</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">virtualisasi server</span></i><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, metode yang digunakan dalam pengukurannya adalah menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">metode <i>overhead</i>, <i>linearitas </i>dan
<i>usability</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peneliti yang lain adalah Garnieri (2010),
Penelitian ini menargetkan penggunaan <i>virtualisasi server </i>pada perusahaan
besar, yang memfokuskan pada minimalisasi <i>downtime </i>pada saat <i>maintance</i>
perangkat keras <i>server </i>dengan menggunakan aplikasi <i>VMware
Infrastructure</i> <i>3</i>. Selain itu peneliti </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ardianto
(2011),</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjelaskan bagaimana merancang </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">virtualisasi appliances </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memanfaatkan metode <i>virtualisasi</i>.</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian oleh Ardianto, Novan (2011),</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam penelitian tersebut
berusaha</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dipadukan antara mesin <i>virtualisasi
</i>dengan perangkat lunak yang sebenarnya maka</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">akan terbentuklah <i>virtualisasi appliances</i>, dalam penelitian
tersebut dirancang suatu</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">virtualisasi appliance </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menggunakan
metode <i>virtualisasi Proxmox </i>dan <i>virtualisasi box</i></span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk kemudian dianalisa
kestabilannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian mengimplementasikan <i>virtualisasi
appliances </i>tersebut sehingga dapat</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dioperasikan dengan mudah di lingkungan <i>server </i>yang berbeda
bahkan di OS yang</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berbeda. </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faisal (2012), penelitian
ini menekankan tentang faktor skalabilitas <i>private cloud </i>computing untuk
layanan IAAS </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan analisa kinerja dari <i>Cloud
Computing.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">PERUMUSAN MASALAH</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas, maka
didapat perumusan masalah yang akan diteliti yaitu b</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">agaimana merancang, dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengimplemestasikan <i>virtualisasi server</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menggunakan <i>tipe </i>yang
berbeda-beda yaitu</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">proxmox, vmware esx </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan <i>openstack</i>,
serta</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menganalisa kinerja masing-masing</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">virtualisasi server </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tersebut melalui</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengukuran metrik skalabilitas yaitu</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menggunakan metode <i>overhead </i>dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">linearitas.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">TUJUAN PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penelitian
ini adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merancang dan
mengimplementasikan <i>virtualisasi server </i>menggunakan <i>proxmox VE</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8, vmware esx </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan <i>openstack</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menganalisa <i>virtualisasi
server </i>yang berguna<i> </i>untuk mengetahui kinerja dari masing-masing<i> </i>tipe
<i>virtualisasi server </i>tersebut melalui<i> </i>pengukuran metrik
skalabilitas yaitu<i> </i>menggunakan metode <i>overhead </i>dan<i> </i>linearitas.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">METODE PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah
penelitian observasi dengan mengimplementasikan sistem <i>virtualisasi</i> <i>server
</i>dengan </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proxmox, vmware esx, </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">openstack </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang merupakan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tipe <i>cluster High</i> <i>Availability (HA).</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian observasi ini menggunakan
metode analisis deskriptif, yang dilakukan dengan proses pengamatan langsung
dan mempelajari observasi atas hasil yang terjadi dari analisis sistem ini. Pendekatan
penelitian analisis deskriptif ini adalah untuk menggali informasi dari implementasi
sistem <i>virtualisasi server</i> menggunakan </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proxmox,
vmware esx, </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">openstack</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam analisa <i>virtualisasi server</i>,
peneliti berusaha membandingkan dengan <i>server </i>tradisional atau aplikasi <i>server
</i>yang tidak menggunakan <i>virtualisasi</i>, selain itu juga dibandingkan
dengan dua <i>virtual machine </i>yang berisi aplikasi <i>web server </i>dan <i>ftp
server </i>pada <i>server virtualisasi </i>sehingga diperoleh data pembanding
dalam melakukan analisa kinerja dan pengaruh implementasi aplikasi yang berbeda
pada <i>virtualisasi server</i>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 1. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsitektur dengan</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">virtualisasi server</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skenario pengujian <i>virtualisasi server</i></span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai berikut :</span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Membuat 2 <i>virtual machine</i>, dilakukan <i>update </i>dan <i>upgrade
</i>secara bersamaan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Membuat 2 <i>virtual machine</i>, setiap <i>virtual machine </i>berfungsi
sebagai <i>server</i> yang berbeda. <i>Virtual machine </i>1 difungsikan
sebagai <i>web server</i> sedangkan <i>virtual machine </i>2 difungsikan
sebagai <i>ftp server </i>kemudian dilakukan pengiriman <i>file </i>sebesar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">706.803.376 B. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Membuat beberapa <i>virtual machine</i>, <i>virtual machine </i>1
di <i>install </i>aplikasi web <i>server </i>dan <i>virtual machine </i>2 di <i>install
ftp</i> <i>server</i>, sementara itu <i>virtual machine</i> yang lain tetap
dijalankan, akan tetapi tidak diberikan aplikasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat beberapa <i>virtual
machine</i>,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">virtual
machine 1 </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di <i>install </i>web <i>server</i>,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sedangkan <i>virtual machine </i>yang
lain di</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">install </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aplikasi ftp <i>server </i>yang sama, dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dijalankan secara bersamaan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kemudian setiap pertambahan <i>virtual machine</i>, dicoba <i>upload
</i>sebuah <i>file </i>dengan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ukuran 706.803.376 B ke semua <i>ftp server </i>yang telah di <i>install
</i>pada <i>virtual machine </i>secara bersamaan.<i> </i></span><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa <i>virtualisasi server </i>menggunakan</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pengukuran metrik
skalabilitas yaitu</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menggunakan metode <i>overhead </i>dan linearitas.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Overhead</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk evaluasi <i>overhead virtualisasi </i>yang disebabkan
mekanisme <i>virtualisasi </i>dilakukan dengan membandingkan waktu eksekusi
sebuah aplikasi yang dijalankan<i> </i>pada sistem non <i>virtualisasi (Ta) </i>dengan<i>
</i>aplikasi yang sama dijalankan pada sebuah<i> </i>mesin <i>virtualisasi
(Tav)</i>. <i>Overhead </i>mungkin<i> </i>saja bisa diabaikan untuk sebuah
mesin<i> virtualisasi </i>dan bisa menjadi signifikan ketika<i> </i>jumlah
mesin <i>virtualisasi </i>dijalankan secara<i> </i>bersamaan. Disamping itu
dibandingkan pula<i> Ta </i>dengan <i>Tav </i>ketika sejumlah n mesin<i> virtualisasi
</i>dijalankan secara bersamaan.<i> </i>Pada skenario ini hanya sebuah mesin<i>
virtualisasi </i>yang menjalankan aplikasi.<i> </i>Sedangkan <i>n-1 </i>mesin <i>virtualisasi
</i>yang lain bebas dari aplikasi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Linearitas</span><b><span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengevaluasi perubahan skalabilitas pada saat jumlah mesin
<i>virtualisasi </i>yang dijalankan meningkat, terlebih dahulu diukur waktu
eksekusi sebuah aplikasi yang dijalankan pada mesin <i>virtualisasi</i>.
Selanjutnya diukur waktu eksekusi aplikasi yang sama dijalankan secara
bersamaan pada beberapa mesin <i>virtualisasi</i>.</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">LANDASAN TEORI</span></b></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian <i>Virtualisasi</i></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Virtualisasi </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">/ <i>Virtualisasiization </i>adalah sebuah teknik atau cara untuk
membuat sesuatu dalam bentuk <i>virtualisasi</i>, tidak seperti kenyataan yang
ada. <i>Virtualisasi </i>juga digunakan untuk mengemulasikan perangkat fisik komputer,
dengan cara membuatnya seolah-olah perangkat tersebut tidak ada (disembunyikan)
atau bahkan menciptakan perangkat yang tidak ada menjadi ada. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar 2. Konsep <i>Virtualisasi</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-Jenis Pendekatan <i>Virtualisasi</i></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Partial <i>Virtualisasiization Virtualisasi </i>parsial adalah
bentuk<i> virtualisasi </i>pada sebagian dari</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perangkat keras. Perangkat lunak <i>virtualisasi </i>parsial akan mengemulasikan,
seolah olah perangkat komputer kita memiliki alat tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <i>Full Virtualisasiization</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Virtualisasi </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penuh berarti membuat seolah-olah
ada komputer lain di dalam komputer. Dengan menginstal <i>Linux</i> dalam <i>Windows
</i>Anda, demikian juga meng-<i>install Windows </i>dalam <i>Linux</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <i>Hardware-assisted Virtualisation</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan <i>virtualisation </i>yang didukung oleh <i>hardware</i>,
jadi ada <i>hardware</i> khusus yang berguna untuk meningkatkan <i>performance </i>proses
<i>virtualisasi</i>. <i>Hardware-assisted</i> <i>virtualisation </i>mempunyai <i>overhead
</i>yang banyak, agar skalabilitas <i>guest OS </i>tidak terlalu turun, maka
dibantu dengan <i>hardware</i>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cluster</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cluster </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">merupakan suatu set individual yang terhubung melalui perangkat
keras dan perangkat lunak khusus, menyajikan gambar sistem tunggal untuk para
penggunanya (Vrenios, 2002). Tiga tipe <i>cluster </i>yang dominan yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <i>High Performance Computing (HPC)</i>. Secara umum, tipe <i>cluster
HPC</i> ditujukan pada bagaimana suatu proses komputasi dapat dipercepat,
dengan demikian task dapat diselesaikan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan lebih cepat. Contoh <i>cluster </i>jenis ini adalah <i>MPI,
DSM, PVM</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <i>High Availability (HA)</i>. Secara umum, tipe <i>cluster </i>ini
ditujukan agar program yang dijadikan di atasnya bisa terus berjalan, sekalipun
salah satu <i>node</i> <i>hang </i>atau <i>down</i>. Contohnya adalah fasilitas
<i>cluster </i>pada <i>Proxmox</i>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <i>Load-Balancing (LB)</i>. Secara umum, tipe <i>cluster </i>ini
beroperasi dengan mendistribusikan beban pekerjaan secara merata melalui
beberapa <i>node</i> yang bekerja di belakang (<i>back-end</i> <i>node</i>).
Umumnya <i>cluster </i>ini akan dikonfigurasikan sedemikian rupa dengan <i>front-end
load-balancing</i> <i>redundant</i>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Overhead dan Linearitas</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Overhead pada virtualisasi server adalah seberapa sering dan
lamanya waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh hypervisor untuk menyelesaikan suatu proses
dan menjalankan kembali virtual machine. Pada virtualisasi server, pengujian
overhead dijalankan dengan memperbanyak virtual machine tanpa aplikasi.
Linearitas pada virtualisasi server dapat diartikan sama dengan overhead, akan
tetapi dalam pengujian linearitas, virtual machine yang ditambahkan diberikan
aplikasi yang sama.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memeriksa fitur <i>Virtualisasi </i>Pada <i>Processor</i></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Processor </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang mendukung <i>virtualisasi
</i>dapat diperiksa melalui bios mainboard atau diperiksa secara <i>online</i> melalui
<i>website </i>pabrikan <i>processor </i>tersebut, dengan melihat apakah seri <i>processor
</i>yang digunakan termasuk dalam daftar yang mendukung <i>virtualisasi</i>.
Cara yang lain bisa dengan mengetikkan beberapa perintah di <i>console linux </i>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">egrep ‘(vmx|svm)’ /proc/cpuinfo </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila hasilnya ada kata <i>vmx </i>jika menggunakan <i>processor
</i>Intel-VT atau svm jika menggunakan <i>processor </i>AMD-V, berarti <i>processor
</i>yang digunakan telah mendukung dan dilengkapi teknologi <i>virtualisasi </i>secara
<i>hardware</i>.</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proxmox Virtual Environment</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada skenario penelitian ini digunakan <i>Proxmox VE </i>versi 1.8
yang dapat diunduh pada website resmi <i>Proxmox Virtual</i> <i>Environment </i>di
alamat </span><a href="http://www.proxmox.com/products/proxmoxve"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.proxmox.com/products/proxmoxve</span></i></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan terkait <i>Proxmox</i>: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proxmox </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">disediakan hanya untuk mesin 64 <i>bit</i>, sehingga tidak bisa
digunakan untuk mesin 32 <i>bit</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Pada saat instalasi, <i>Proxmox</i> diinstalasikan langsung
dari CD dan akan menghapus seluruh isi <i>harddisk.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Pada perbandingan analisa hasil pengukuran overhead, nilai
overhead relatif stabil pada setiap tipe virtualisasi meskipun jika dilihat
hasil observasi secara terperinci, terdapat fluktuasi pada beberapa titik
ketika menjalankan virtual machine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Grafik overhead pada setiap penambahan virtual machine
cenderung bersifat linier dengan sedikit peningkatan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Grafik linearitas pada setiap pertambahan virtual machine,
nilai linearitas relatif naik pada setiap tipe virtualisasi akan tetapi
kenaikan secara signifikan hanya terjadi pada tipe virtualisasi vmware dan
openstack ketika mulai diaktifkan ftp server yang kedua dan dikirimkan file
sebesar 706.803.376 B pada masing-masing ftp server.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Pada tipe <i>virtualisasi proxmox ve </i>kenaikan waktu
transfer terjadi secara<i> </i>konstan. Jika dibandingkan dengan<i> native
server, </i>nilai linearitas pada<i> </i>semua tipe <i>virtualisasi </i>lebih
tinggi<i> </i>daripada <i>native server</i>. Hal ini<i> </i>membuktikan bahwa
penambahan<i> virtual machine </i>yang diberikan suatu<i> </i>aplikasi dan
dijalankan bersama-sama<i> </i>dengan aplikasi yang sama, akan<i> </i>menyebabkan
penurunan kinerja secara keseluruhan pada masing-masing tipe<i> virtualisasi server</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Utilitas CPU atau penggunaan CPU pada semua tipe <i>virtualisasi
</i>ketika dilakukan pengukuran <i>overhead</i>, terlihat lebih hemat dengan
nilai lebih rendah daripada utilitas CPU pada <i>native server</i> sebesar 47
%,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Utilitas CPU atau penggunaan CPU pada semua tipe <i>virtualisasi
</i>ketika dilakukan pengukuran linearitas, terlihat lebih hemat dengan nilai
lebih rendah daripada utilitas CPU pada <i>native server</i> sebesar 47 %, akan
tetapi ketika mulai diaktifkan sebanyak 8 <i>ftp server, </i>utilitas CPU tipe <i>virtualisasi
vmware </i>meningkat melebihi utilitas CPU pada <i>native server</i>, sedangkan
pada tipe virtulisasi <i>proxmox </i>dan <i>openstack </i>ketika mulai
diaktifkan sebanyak 10 <i>ftp server</i>, tercatat hampir sama dengan <i>native
server </i>yang berkisar pada kisaran 47 %. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa seiring
dengan penambahan <i>virtual machine </i>yang diberikan aplikasi dan dijalankan
secara bersamaan akan menyebabkan semakin besar utilitas CPU yang digunakan
pada masing-masing tipe <i>virtualisasi</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Hasil analisa dari pengukuran tersebut membuktikan bahwa <i>virtualisasi
server</i> menggunakan <i>Proxmox Virtual</i> <i>Environment </i>nilai <i>overhead
</i>dan linearitas lebih rendah jika dibandingkan <i>virtualisasi server VMware
ESXi </i>dan <i>OpenStack</i>, hal ini karena pada <i>Proxmox Virtual
Environment</i> menggunakan <i>virtual machine </i>dengan <i>OpenVZ </i>atau <i>container-based</i>
<i>virtualization</i>, sedangkan <i>VMware </i>dan <i>openstack </i>menggunakan
<i>virtual</i> <i>machine KVM (Kernel-based Virtual</i> <i>Machine) </i>yang
dapat menjalankan sistem operasi apapun termasuk Windows.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran yang dapat dikembangkan dalam penelitian lebih lanjut antara
lain sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Kekurangan dari <i>virtualisasi server </i>adalah mengumpulnya
semua <i>service </i>pada 1 mesin, sehingga apabila secara<i> </i>fisik mesin
tersebut rusak atau error<i> </i>maka akan semua sistem yang berjalan<i> </i>diatasnya
akan <i>fail</i>. Hal ini dapat diatasi<i> </i>dengan membuat mekanisme <i>redundant</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">server </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atau <i>fail over server </i>sebagai
cadangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Teknologi <i>virtualisasi </i>dapat lebih dioptimalkan pada
organisasi atau perusahaan yang mempunyai anggaran biaya sedikit, dalam
pengembangan jaringan <i>server.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Jika menggunakan dan menjalankan lebih banyak <i>service </i>pada
<i>virtual</i> <i>machine</i>, semakin banyak inti prosesor yang digunakan akan
lebih baik dalam kestabilan <i>virtualisasi server </i>secara keseluruhan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahmad. 2008. Archive for the ‘virtualization’Category.http://achmad.glclearningcenter.com/c</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ategory/teknologi/virtualization/ (diakses tanggal 22 Oktober
2012).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benjamin, Q., Vincent, N., Franck, C. 2006. Scalability
Comparison of Four Host</span></div>
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<span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Virtualization Tools. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chen, H.,
Chen, R., Zhang, F., Zang, B., dan</span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yew, P. 2006. Live Updating</span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">OperatingSystems Using Virtualization.</span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosiding 2nd international Conference</span><span style="color: #141314; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(VEE’06). Ottawa D.H. Brown
Associates, Inc. 2001. VMware: Tool for Server Consolidation.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.vmware.com/pdf/vmwaredhbrown"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.vmware.com/pdf/vmwaredhbrown</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. pdf (diakses pada tanggal 12 November 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fauzi, H. 2008. Perbandingan Kinerja Server Melalui Virtualization
Xen Pada</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan Terbatas. Universitas Indonesia. MTI UI. Depok</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Garnieri, H, M. 2010. Desain dan Implementasi Virtualisasi Server
di PT Thiess Contractors Indonesia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yogyakarta Leung, F., Neiger, G., Rodgers, D., Santoni, A., dan
Uhlig, R. 2006, Intel</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Virtualization Technology: Hardware Support for Efficient Process.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/200"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/200</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 6/v10i3/ (diakses tanggal 10 Desember 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lutfie. 2008. Virtualization The Series. </span><a href="http://wssid.org/blogs/lutfie/archive/tags/Virtu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://wssid.org/blogs/lutfie/archive/tags/Virtu</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> alization/default.aspx. (diakses tanggal 15 Oktober 2011).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Muli, B., Michael, F., Eran, R., Avishay, T. 2009. Adding Advanced
Storage</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Controller Functionality via Low- Overhead Virtualization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nggilu, F. 2012. Analisis Overhead Sebagai Salah Satu Faktor
Skalabilitas Private Cloud Computing Untuk Layanan IAAS. Purbo, O, W. 2011.
Proxmox.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://opensource.telkomspeedy.com/wiki/index.php/Proxmox.
(diakses tanggal 24 September 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasian, Rio., Mursanto, Petrus. 2009. Perbandingan Kinerja
Pendekatan Virtualisasi. Jurnal Sistem Informasi MTI-UI Vol 5, No 2. Depok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sugianto, Masim. 2010. Panduan Virtualisasi & Linux High
Availability Server. Bekasi</span></div>
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Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-29200566146012644762014-01-09T04:57:00.001-08:002014-01-09T04:58:32.503-08:00Tugas Kolaborasi Antar muka Otomotif Multimedia-(Automotive Multimedia Interface Colaboration - AMI-C) (Pengantar Telematika)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Kolaborasi Antar muka Otomotif Multimedia-(Automotive
Multimedia Interface Colaboration - <span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">AMI-C)</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ABSTRAK</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kolaboratif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media </span><span style="color: black;">pembelajaran,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bertujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembuatan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tingkat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">validitas,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelayakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem </span><span style="color: black;">pendingin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>transmisi otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi dengan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menggunakan
<i>softwareAdobe flash. </i>Penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini termasuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenis penelitian <i>Research
</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<i> Development</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(R & D). prosedur yang dilakukan terdiri
dari: a) Analisis kebutuhan, b) Pengembangan produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>validasi oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d) Revisi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>e)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uji coba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selaku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengguna,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>e)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Revisi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>f)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hasil akhir pembuatan media pembelajaran. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu:
1) Proses pengembangan media pembelajaran Proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem pendinginan air dan transmisi otomatis pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda motor matic injeksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>software Adobe</i> dilakukan melalui
tahapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identifikasi kompetensisesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dikembangkan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>materi, pengumpulan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahan-bahan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: black;">adobe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>validasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dariahli materi, ahli media, dan mahasiswa selaku pengguna, 2) Media
pembelajaran yang dibuat memiliki tingkat kesesuaian dengan silabus sebesar
2.67 (sesuai) dan aspek belajar mandiri 4.0 (sangat bisa dipergunakan untuk
belajar secara mandirioleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dikembangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memilikipenilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelayakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.71<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(layak)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2.65<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(layak) oleh mahasiswa
selaku pengguna media pembelajaran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata kunci: media pembelajaran, sistem
bahan bakar injeksi, sistem pendingin air, transmisi otomatis,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>nasional bangsa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indonesia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam pembukaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>undang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>undang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>negara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Republik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bangsa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indonesia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adalah untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencerdaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kehidupan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bangsa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pencapaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>nasional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk mencerdaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kehidupan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bangsa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melalui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendidikan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendidikan melibatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan belajar dan proses pembelajaran.
Proses kegiatan belajar mengajar <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>merupakan
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>yang
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sangat diperhatikan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dalam
penyelenggaraan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disuatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>instansi pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenjang pendidikan dasar ( SD ) sampai
diperan tinggi ( PT ). Jurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Otomotif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fakultas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Universitas Negeri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yogyakarta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mulai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Akademik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2009/2010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mulai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menerapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kurikulum baru (Kurikulum 2009) yang diberlakukan bagi seluruh mahasiswa
baru jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif baik dari program studi D3 Teknik
Otomotif maupun S1 Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif. Pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kurikulum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berlaku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Fakultas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Universitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>NegeriYogyakarta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(FT UNY)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat matakuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sepeda Motor dengan Kode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OTO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>225<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wajib<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ditempuh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jurusan Pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Otomotif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semester<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>genap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Materi pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matakuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>besar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan
materi-materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lanjutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendalaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi-materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pernah dipelajari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aemester<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebelumnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(semester<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ganijl)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan pertimbangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pemilihannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi-materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sangat dibutuhkan dan terpakai dalam
matakuliah-matakuliah lainnya pada semester-semester<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selanjutnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>baik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matakuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keahlian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>umum,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matakuliah keahlian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>umum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matakuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keahlian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>khusus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif. Mata Kuliah Teknologi Sepeda Motor pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi sistem bahan bakar injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Programmable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fuel Injection</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(PGM-FI)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu matakuliah dari Bidang Teknik Otomotif
yang ditempuh pada semester genap di Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif. Materi
ini mengandung karakteristik pesan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cukup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>abstrak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memerlukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang menarik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi mahasiswa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sementara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matakuliah teknologi
sepeda motor injeksi sub bidang sistem bahan bakar injeksi, sistem pendinginan
air dan transmisi otomatis dilakukan dengan keterbatasan sumber belajar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semestinya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam mempelajari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan transmisi otomatis. Dengan
kata lain, media pembelajaran yang memuat bahan pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini masih langka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karena hanya menggunakan buku teks (media
cetak). Oleh karena itu pola pembelajarannya masih konservatif,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yakni dosen dan mahasiswa berpegang pada buku
teks untuk membahas materi kuliah. Dalam suatu proses belajar mengajar, ada dua
unsur yang amat penting adalah metode dan media pendidikan, kedua aspek ini
saling berkaitan. Media pendidikan merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>suatu sarana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>komunikasi pembawa
pesan dari sumber pesan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penerima<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pesan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menunjang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Media pendidikan membuat proses belajar
mengajar akan lebih menarik mahasiswa, materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jelas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maknanya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapatdipahami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memungkinkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menguasai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan mengajar dengan lebih baik. Ciri
media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>baik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menarik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipahami.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menarik diartikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut dapat
mengoptimalkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perhatian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengikuti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kegiatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengajar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipahami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menerangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>cermat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jelas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>runtut sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa tidak
mengalami kebingungan dalam menyerap informasi yang disampaikan. Media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendidik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih bervariasi, tidak semata
mata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>komunikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>verbal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melalui penuturan kata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kataoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bosan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak kehabisan tenaga. Mahasiswa akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lebih banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan belajar, </span>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mendengarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uraian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tetapi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktifitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lain, seperti mengamati melakukan dan mendemontrasikan.
Pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konvensional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebutmemiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kekurangan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diawalidengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>upaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>daya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tarik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semangat mahasiswa rendah;
2) pembelajaran tidak diawali dengan penginformasian tujuan khusus,
sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dicapai setelah
mengikuti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilengkapi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>test sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengalami
kesulitan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam mempelajari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berikutnya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilengkapi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan umpan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>balik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jawaban<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>soal-soal sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempersulit
mahasiswa karena tidak mengetahui mana jawabannya yang benar atau salah.
Salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dapat digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagaimedia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbasis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>komputer,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbasis komputer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mampu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menampilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gerak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>animasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>animasi(macromedia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flash,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>video<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Penggunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbasis komputer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat suasana
pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menarik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dibanding<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ceramah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang hanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>monoton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kenyataan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilapangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menunjukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>banyak memanfaatkan media pembelajaran berbasis komputer khususnya media
yang mampu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menampilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>gerak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>animasi animasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maksimaluntuk membantu proses kegiatan belajar mengajar. Dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perlu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditumbuhkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>rasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>senang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan gembira pada diri siswa. Apabila
mahasiswa telah merasa senang dan gembira dalam belajar maka dengan sendirinya
akan tumbuh minat belajar mahasiswa terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Akibatnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>minat inilah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan menimbulkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sikap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>positif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berpengaruh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>daya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa pada pelajarn tersebut sehingga diharapkan mahasiswa dapat
mudah mengertidan paham akan materi pelajaran yang disampaikan. Untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengatasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>permasalahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>modul
konvensional,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperlukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rekayasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teknologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merancang </span></div>
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</div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section5">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu media pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang memiliki fungsi dan manfaat yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lebih daripada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>modul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konvensional.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pilihan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tepat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memenuhikebutuhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbasis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>komputer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>demikian untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyikapi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diatas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimengerti dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipahami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu media pembelajaran interaktif sistem
bahan bakar injeksi, sistem pendinginan air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi menggunakan <i>software</i>
Macromedia Flash.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2. Identifikasi Masalah </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Berdasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>latar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belakang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diatas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dapat di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identifikasibeberapa
masalah sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penggunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kurang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tepat karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hanya
mengandalkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sederhana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>papan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tulis,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>buku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paket atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari foto copy yang diberikan oleh dosen. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2.Proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sederhana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>didominasikegiatan seperti
mencatat di papan tulis dan ceramah. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3.Banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengakibatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>minat belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kurang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaknibisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berasal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sendiri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ataupun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>luar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pribadi mahasiswa itu
sendiri. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">4.</span><span style="color: black;">Salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sedang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saat ini</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">adalah berbasis komputer,
media berbasis komputer mampu menampilkan gambar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gerak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>animasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>animasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(macromedia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flash,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>video pembelajaran ).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1.3. Identifikasi Masalah </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Penelitian mengenai minat belajar mencakup berbagai aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>luas dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dipengaruhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>telah diuraikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>latar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>belakang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>upaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gambaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang jelas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menghindari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penafsiran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyimpang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam penelitian,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diadakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembatasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maka diadakan pembatasan masalah </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"> </span>
</div>
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section6">
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilihat dari identifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masalah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>faktor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan berpengaruh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>minat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Didasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertimbangan </span><span style="color: black;">dan peneliti yang berupa keterbatasan
kemampuan baik secara materi maupun pengetahuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimiliki,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibatasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada Pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksimenggunakan <i>software</i>
Macromedia Flash. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tujuan Penelitian </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diatas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem pendinginan air dan transmisi otomatis
pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda motor matic injeksi yang ada
di bengkel sepeda motor Jurdiknik Otomotif FT UNY adalah : </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan bakar injeksi, sistem pendinginan air
dan transmisi otomatis pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda motor
matic injeksi dengan menggunakan <i>software Adobe</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">2.Untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tingkat validitas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bakar
injeksi, sistem pendinginan air dan transmisi otomatis pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda motor matic injeksi dengan menggunakan
</span><i><span style="color: black;">software
Adobe flah.</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.Untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kelayakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar </span><span style="color: black;">injeksi, sistem pendinginan air dan transmisi otomatis pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda motor </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">matic
injeksi dengan menggunakan </span><i><span style="color: black;">software Adobe flash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section7">
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">BAB II</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">LANDASAN TEORI </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2.1. Deskripsi Teori </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1.Pembelajaran </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kamus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>besar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bahasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Indonesia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1995:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>105) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>orang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hidup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>samping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">pembelajaran merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identitas aktifitas belajar mengajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang diawali</span><span style="color: black;">dengan perencanaan, dan diakhiri dengan
evaluasi untuk mencapai tujuan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditetapkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengertian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menurut</span><span style="color: black;">Dimyati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mudjiono<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(1994:284),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dosen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara terprogram dalam
desain instruksional, yang meliputi materi, alat, metode, dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagainya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencapai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">peningkatan belajar. </span><span style="color: black;">Pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>suatu proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdiri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kombinasidua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertuju<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh mahasiswa,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berorientasi pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dosen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pemberi pelajaran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kedua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkolaborasi</span><span style="color: black;">secara terpadu
menjadi suatu kegiatan pad saat trjadi interaksi antara dosen dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa, serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>disaat pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berlangsung.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pemebelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada
hakikatnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>komunikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anatar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan pendididk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rangka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>perubahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sikap </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">(Suherman
1992). Pembelajaran yang efektif adalah pembelajaran yang memudahkan </span><span style="color: black;">mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mempelajari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesuatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bermanfaat seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fakta,
kertampilan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nilai,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konsep,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagaimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hidup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>serais<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesama, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">atau suatau hasil belajar
yang diinginkan. </span><span style="color: black;">Proses pembelajaran bukan sekedar transfer ilmu dari dosen kepada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">mahasiswa,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melainkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interaksi antar </span><span style="color: black;">dosen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>denagn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hendaknya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menganut</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">paradigma <i>transfer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of </i></span><i><span style="color: black;">knowledge</span></i><span style="color: black;">, yang mengandung
makna bahwa mahasiswa merupakan objek </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tapi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>upaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membelajarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ditandaidengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memilih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kegiatan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menetapkan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengembangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk mencapai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil pembelajarn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diinginkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemilihan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penetapan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan pengembangan
metode ini didasrkan pada kondisi pembelajaran yang ada. Dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>istilah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memiliki hakekat perencanaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau perancanagan sebagi upaya membelajarkan
mahasiswa.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><div class="Section8">
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3.1. Model Pengembangan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian dan pengembangan atau
dikenal<i>Research<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Development</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(R<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>&<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>D).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Research<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and </i></span><i><span style="color: black;">Development</span></i><span style="color: black;"> adalah metode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengashilkan produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertentu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menguji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keefektifan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tersebut (Sugiyono<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2008). </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;">Model Pengembangan merupakan dasar untuk mengembangkan produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">akan dihasilkan. Model
pengembangan dapat berupa model prosedural, modelkonseptual dan model
teoritik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Model prosedural adalah
model yang bersifat deskriptif, menunjukkkan langkah-langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diikuti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menghasilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modelkonseptual adalah model yang bersifat
analitis, yang menyebutkan komponen-</span><span style="color: black;">komponen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menganalisis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>komponen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rinci<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menunjukkan hubungan
antar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>komponen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dikembangkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Model teoritik adalah model </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;">yang menggambarkan kerangka berfikir yang didasarkan pada
teori-teori yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">relevan dan didukung oleh data empirik. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>model<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>prosedural </span><span style="color: black;">karena dianggap cocok dengan tujuan pengembangan yang ingin
dicapai yaitu untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menghasilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menguji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kelayakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dihasilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mencapai tujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melalui langkah-</span><span style="color: black;">langkah tertentu yang
harus diikuti untuk menghasilkan produk tersebut. Pada </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;">penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berfokus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>otomatis </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Macromedia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Flash.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sebagai landasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media pembelajaran
sistem bahan bakar injeksi, sistem pendinginan air dan transmisi</span><span style="color: black;">otomatis dengan
Macromedia Flash menggunakan model pengembangan Borg </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;">dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gall<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1983)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyarankan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penggunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>prosedur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian
pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdiri atas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepuluh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>langkah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan pengumpulan
informasi, (b) perencanaan, (c) pengembangan produk awal (d) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>coba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lapangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>awal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(kelompok<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kecil)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(e)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>revisi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(f)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>coba </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;">lapangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelompok<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>besar , (g)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>revisi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(h)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>coba lapangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelompok besar, </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">(i)
revisi produk akhir, dan (j) desimenasi atau implementasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3.2. Prosedur Pengembangan </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Prosedur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memaparkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>prosedur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang </span><span style="color: black;">ditempuh dalam
membuat produk. Dalam pengembangan media pembelajaran ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dihasilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar injeksi, sistem pendinginan
air dan transmisi otomatis berbasis komputer pada mata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>praktik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teknologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknik </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Otomotif
FT UNY.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Prosedur pengembangan yang
digunakan dalam penelitian </span><span style="color: black;">pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>modifikasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prosedur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Borg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prosedur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdiri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Analisis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kebutuhan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b) Pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>validasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Revisi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">e)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Uji<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>coba<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selaku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengguna,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>e) Revisi, f) Hasil
akhir pembuatan media pembelajaran. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: -94.8pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3.3. Subyek Penelitian </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 2in; text-align: left; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam penelitian ini, subyek yang dipilih untuk melakukan uji
validasi</span><span style="color: black;">produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ahli </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipilih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>orang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari dosen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Program<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Studi Pendidikan
Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Otomotif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UNY dan ahli media dipilih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>orang dari dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif UNY. Subyek
penelitian untuk uji </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;">coba kelompok kecil adalah 30 mahasiswa kelas mata kuliah
teknologi sepeda </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">motor Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Otomotif FT UNY. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3.4.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Teknik Pengumpulan Data </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengumpulan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>instrumen </span><span style="color: black;">berupa angket untuk mengumpulkan data
baik dari ahli materi, ahli media, dan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">mahasiswa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3.5. Teknik Analisis Data </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Teknik analisis data yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik </span><span style="color: black;">analisis deskriptif. Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>analisis deskriptif dilakukan dengan
menggunakan</span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 731px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -17;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 443px; margin-top: 731px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -16;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 585px; margin-top: 731px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: -15;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image002.png" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 765px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -14;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image003.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 443px; margin-top: 765px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -13;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image004.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 585px; margin-top: 765px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: -12;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image005.png" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 784px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -11;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 443px; margin-top: 784px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -10;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 585px; margin-top: 784px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: -9;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image002.png" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 802px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -8;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 443px; margin-top: 802px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -7;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 585px; margin-top: 802px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: -6;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image002.png" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 819px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -5;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 819px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -4;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 443px; margin-top: 819px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: -3;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image001.png" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 585px; margin-top: 819px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: -2;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image006.png" width="3" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 585px; margin-top: 819px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 3px; z-index: -1;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image006.png" width="3" /></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>statistik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>deskriptif.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Statistik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>deskriptif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>statistik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk menganalisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>cara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendeskripsikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menggambarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>data </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terkumpul sebagaimana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanpa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bermaksud<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> kesimpulan yang berlaku untuk umum atau generalisasi (Sugiyono,
2010 : 29).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menentukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kategori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelayakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>video<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dipakai skala pengukuran <i>skala likert</i>. Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skala pengukuran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>skala likert</i>, data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berupa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>angka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditafsirkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam pengertian kualitatif</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> (Sugiyono, 2008 : 141).</span>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menentukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kategori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelayakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dipakai skala pengukuran <i>skala likert</i>. Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skala pengukuran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>skala likert</i>, data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berupa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>angka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditafsirkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam pengertian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kualitatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">(Sugiyono,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2009:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>141). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengenai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendapat atau tanggapan ahli materi, ahli media, dan mahasiswa yang
dikumpulkan melaluikuesioner/angket dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif.
Hasil angket dianalisis dengan kriteria sebagai berikut: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Angka 4 = sangat setuju/sangat layak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Angka 3 = setuju/layak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Angka 2 = tidak setuju/tidak layak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Angka 1 = sangat tidak setuju/sangat tidak layak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk skor yang diperoleh dikonversikan menjadi nilai pada skala 4
(Suharso, </span><span style="color: black;">2006:
52-53) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel 1. Konversi
Skor ke nilai pada skala 4</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 90.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Interval Skor</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Kategori</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1
– 1,75</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sangat tidaklayak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1,76 – 2,51</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak Layak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2,52 – 3,27</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Layak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3,28 – 4,03</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sangat layak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.65pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sedangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mendapatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rata-rata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbasis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>komputer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rumus sebagai
berikut: </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 303px; margin-top: 155px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 17px; z-index: -18;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRESTUA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C02%5Cclip_image007.png" width="17" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">Mn =</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">S</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">_</span></span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">x</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 97.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Keterangan : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 133.3pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mn : rerata </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 156pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">∑<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : Jumlah skor </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 133.3pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: jumlah responden </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>demikian,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>butir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanggapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dikonversikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengetahui kategori<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>butir tanggapan/rata-rata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keseluruhan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran berbasis
komputer hasil pengembangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;">Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berpedoman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kriteria<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nilai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbasis komputer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>layak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam kegiatan pembelajaran baik dari aspek pembelajaran, aspek materi
maupun aspek media. </span><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 280.65pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 280.65pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> </span>
</div>
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 72.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 89.3pt; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><b>3.6. Deskripsi Data<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 34.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 72.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 89.3pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">matic
injeksi </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 89.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">bakar
injeksi, sistem pendingin air, dan transmisi otomatis pada sepeda motor </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">matic
injeksi dilakukan secara kolaboratif antara 3 dosen peneliti dan 3 orang </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomotif.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipilih adalah mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>angkatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengambil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>skripsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span><span style="color: black;">termasuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menerima<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bidik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>misi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">diminta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengembangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>judul penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kolaborasi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sampai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>laporan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini ditulis,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang menjadi anggota<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tim<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kolaborasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mendapatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>persetujuan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">judul<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skripsi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menyusun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proposal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skripsi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media pembelajaran interaktif. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>software<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adobe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flash </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">CS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mulai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identifikasi </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">kompetensi
sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikembangkan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembuatan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">rancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengumpulan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan-bahan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">adobe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flash,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>validasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari ahli materi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>selaku </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">pengguna.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dosen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembimbing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selalu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monitoring, </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">supervisi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>evaluasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikembangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa. Proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi membutuhkan waktu 1
bulan. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-faktor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendukung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">pembuatan
media pembelajaran interaktif ini yaitu: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dosen pembimbing aktif
dalam memberikan bimbingan </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 123.3pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adanya tutor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang membantu dalam mempelajari penggunaan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">software
adobe flash </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemudahan dalam mengakses
materi yang dibutuhkan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">4)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemudahan dalam
mendapatkan software adobe flash </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-faktor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penghambat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memberikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">pembuatan
media pembelajaran interaktif ini yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 106.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 123.3pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesulitan dalam
mendapatkan materi yang relatif baru. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terdapat materi berupa
video dan animasi yang harus membuat sendiri </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">sejak
awal. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 89.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor matic injeksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 89.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berupa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 89.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transmisi otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>injeksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bentuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CD<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran. Media yang
dikembangkan dapat dipergunakan disemua komputer atau laptop tanpa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menginstall sofware<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adobe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flash<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terlebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dahulu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setiap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikembangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memuat daftar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kompetensi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi pembelajaran, dan evaluasi yang sesuai
dengan materi. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penilaian Ahli materi,
Ahli media, dan Mahasiswa. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penilaian Ahli Materi </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berikut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relevansi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>materi </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">dengan silabus 2.67
menunjukkan bahwa materi yang dibuat sesuai dengan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">silabus tentang
materi yang dikembangkan. Skor aspek belajar mandiri 4.0 </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">menunjukkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikembangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dapat dipergunakan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mandiri oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penunjang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penunjang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berarti mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat belajar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tentang </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">materi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekaligus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menguji </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">kemampuannya
dengan mengerjakan soal-soal dalam evaluasi. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penilaian Ahli Media </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tentang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>berikut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rata-rata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>intepretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>visual </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.75<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(layak),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>desain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>visual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2.6<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(layak),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>grafis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.63<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(layak), </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">aspek prosedur 2.85
(layak).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rata-rata total skor penilaian
dari ahli media </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">yaitu 2.71 (layak).
Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa media pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">dibuat layak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipergunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penyampaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>materi dalam </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">proses
pembelajaran </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penilaian Mahasiswa </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selaku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>object penggunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berikut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rata-rata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>aspek </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">intepretasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>visual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.02<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(layak),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>desain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>visual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.55<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(layak),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspek </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">grafis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.61<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(layak),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aspek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>prosedur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2.61<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(layak).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rata-rata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>total<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skor </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">penilaian dari
mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu 2.65 (layak). Hal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini menunjukkan bahwa </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dibuat layak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipergunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membantu </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">penyampaian
materi dalam proses pembelajaran. </span></div>
</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">BAB IV</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
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</span></span><div style="text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">4.1. Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Setelah dilakukan pengembangan media pembelajaran sistem bahan
bakar injeksi, sistem pendinginan air dan transmisi otomatis sepeda motor matic
injeksipada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>praktik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>teknologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jurusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pendidikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teknik Otomotif FT UNY
ini maka dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi, sistem </span><span style="color: black;">pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dengan
menggunakan </span><i><span style="color: black;">software<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adobe</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>melalui tahapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>identifikasi</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">kompetensi
sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikembangkan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembuatan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">rancangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pengumpulan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan-bahan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan </span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">adobe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>flash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>validasi dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ahli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>selaku </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">pengguna.
</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">Media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menggunakan </span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">software
Adobe flash</span></i><span style="color: black;"> memiliki tingkat kesesuaian dengan silabus sebesar 2.67 </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">(sesuai) dan aspek
belajar mandiri 4.0 (sangat bisa dipergunakan untuk belajar </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">secara
mandiri oleh mahasiswa). </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">Media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>injeksi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendinginan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">transmisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>otomatis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sepeda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>motor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>matic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>injeksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menggunakan </span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">software
Adobe flash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memiliki penilaian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dengan skor 2.71 (layak) oleh </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">ahli media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2.65<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(layak)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selaku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengguna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>media </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">pembelajaran.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">4.2.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Saran </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Media yang dikembangkan dapat dioptimalkan
untuk proses pembelajaran mata kuliah Teknik Sepeda Motor di Jurusan </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">PT. Otomotif FT UNY.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bimbingan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mahasiswa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat terus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan secara intensif walaupun waktu
untuk penelitian kolaborasi telah berakhirsupaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kolaborasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membantu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempercepatpenyelesaian
tugas akhir skripsi mahasiswa dapat tercapai.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Amien Nugroho. (2005). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Ensiklopedi Otomotif. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka
Utama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Azhar, Arsyad. (2002). <i>Media</i></span><i><span style="color: black;">Pembelajaran</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">.
Jakarta: PT Raja Grafido Persada. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2005).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mempraktikan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: black;">Cooperative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learning</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ruang-Ruang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelas. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Ariesto<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hadi Sutopo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2003).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Multimedia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Flash.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yogyakarta:Graha Ilmu </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. (1989). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Workshop Manual Daihatsu </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">F300 (EFI <i>System</i>).
Daihatsu Motor CO., LTD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. (1988). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Pedoman Reparasi Mesin 3S-FE </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Jakarta: Toyota <i>FE</i>.
Astra </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Motor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. (1994). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Training Manual EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) Step 2, Vol 5</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Jakarta: Toyota Astra Motor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. (1995). Toyota </span><i><span style="color: black;">Training Manual Step 1</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">. Jakarta : Toyota Astra
Motor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. (2000). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Pedoman Reparasi Mesin 5A-FE Soluna</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">.
Jakarta: Toyota Astra Motor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. (2002). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Sistem Injeksi Bensin Elektronis dan Manajemen Mesin</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">.
Jakarta: PT. TTA Indonesia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. (2003). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Pedoman Proyek Akhir</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">. Yogyakarta: Tim penyusun pedoman
Proyek Akhir Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Howstuffinmycarworks. (2007). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Fuel injection system. </span></i><span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">www.howstuffinmycarworks.com/Fuel_injection_system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Moch. Solikin. (2005). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Sistem Injeksi Bahan Bakar Motor Bensin (EFI system</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Yogyakarta: Kampong Ilmu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Otomotif-online.com. (2008). <i>Sistem Injeksi Elektronik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Phillips.R.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1997.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: black;">The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Developer’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>handbook<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interactive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Multimedia</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt;">a</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">USA
:Stirling </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Richard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Schwier,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Earl R.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Misanchuk.(1993). <i>Interactive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Multimedia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Instruction</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">. New Jersey : Education Technology
Publication,Inc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Robert E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Slavin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2008). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Cooperative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learning</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Teori,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Riset dan Praktik.
Bandung: Nusa Media </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sardiman A.M (2001). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Interaksi dan Motivasi Belajar Mengajar</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Jakarta:
PT Raja Grafindo Persada </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sanjaya,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2006). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Strategi
Pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berorientasi Standar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses Pendidikan. </i>Jakarta: Kencana
Prenada Media </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Sadiman,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arif.S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2007).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><i><span style="color: black;">Media<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendidikan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pengertian,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengembangan,</span></i><i><span style="color: white; font-size: 12pt;">a</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">dan </span></i><i><span style="color: black;">Pemanfaatannya.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">
Jakarta: </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">PT
Raja Grafindo Persada. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Suwarsih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2006).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">Teori dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>praktek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tindakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Action </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Research)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">. Bandung: Alfabeta. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Suyanto, M. (2005). </span><i><span style="color: black;">Multimedia Alat Untuk Meningkatkan Keunggulan Bersaing</span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">.
Yogyakarta: ANDI </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Soenarto,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2005).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">Pembahasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hasil penelitian:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengembangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>multimedia </span></i><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black;">pembelajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>interaktif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuliah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>hidang.</span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jurnal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inotek </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">volume
9, no 1, 2005. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Wina Sanjaya (2006). Strategi Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Prenada Media
</span></div>
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Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-84316304906708384832014-01-06T17:43:00.000-08:002014-01-12T04:07:04.772-08:00Tugas Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi) (Pengantar Telematika)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UNIVERSITAS
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKULTAS ILMU
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2014</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penelitian ini bertujuan membangun sebuah prototype home network
system dengan mengimplementasikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi framework dan teknologi Jini. Dalam penelitian ini penulis
mempelajari dan menerapkan penggunaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teknologi Jini untuk menghubungkan beberapa OSGi framework dan
pengendalian home network system</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">melalui internet. Jaringan komputer yang menghubungkan dan
mengendalikan berbagai macam peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">elektronis di rumah disebut sebagai home network. Standar protokol
yang dapat digunakan untuk home</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">networking antara lain adalah Bluetooth, uPnP, HAVi dan X10. Untuk
mengintegrasikan peralatan yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">memiliki protokol-protokol berbeda tersebut dan menghubungkan
sebuah home network dengan internet</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">diperlukan sebuah service gateway. Open Service Gateway Initiative
(OSGi) Consortium mengembangkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">spesifikasi standar untuk service gateway. Sun Microsistem
mengembangkan perangkat lunak berbasis Java</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang mengimplementasikan
standar OSGi yaitu Java Embedded Server. Jini merupakan salah satu standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk home networking
dan sistem terdistribusi berbasis Java. Teknologi Jini memungkinkan komunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antar OSGi framework.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kolaborasi antara OSGi framework dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teknologi Jini dapat
diimplementasikan dalam pembuatan home gateway untuk home network system.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.1.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Latar</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Belakang</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Permasalahan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">elektronis
yang ada di rumah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">seperti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">lampu,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pendingin, pemanas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">termometer
digital dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dihubungkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kesebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">network</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang dikendalikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">system</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">computer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sehingga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">memuda</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengendalikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan
di rumah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">cukup</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tempat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">waktu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">saja, bahkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengendalikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan
yang ada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">luar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">rumah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">melalui internet yang terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">rumah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kita.
Jaringan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">komputer yang menghubungkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengendalikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">macam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">elektronis
di rumah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">disebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">homenetwork</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Perusahaan-perusahaan yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">memproduksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">elektronik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">home
network </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">memiliki</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">protocol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">masing-masing
yang digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">komunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan
yang mereka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">produksi. Standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">protocol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">antara
lain adalah Bluetooth, uPnP, HAVi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan X10.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengintegrasikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan
yang memiliki</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">protocol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">protokol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbeda</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menghubungkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">home
network</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan internetdiperlukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">service
gateway.</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Service gateway</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">alat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tersentralisasi
yang menjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">antarmuka yang menghubungkan internet</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">homenetwork</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. <i>Open Service Gateway Initiative</i> (OSGi) <i>Consortium</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">organisasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">non-profit</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang mengembangkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">spesifikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">service
gateway</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Sun Microsistem, salah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">satu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pendiri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Consortium</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, mengembangkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">perangkat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">lunak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berbasis
Java yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengimplementasikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">yaitu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Java
Embedded Server</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (JES).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jini yang dikembangkanoleh Sun
Microsistem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">salah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">satu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk <i>home network system</i>. Jini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">system</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">terdistribusi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pada ide penggabungan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sekelompok</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">penyedia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pengguna</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang diberikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan
yang terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kesebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">network</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">framework</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">bias</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dijalankan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">macam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, jika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">share</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">network</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">teknologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jini,
maka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ebih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">framework</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berkomunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">satu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sama
lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> penulisan ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">penulis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">penerapan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">teknologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menghubungkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">lebih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OSGi <i>framework</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">membangun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">home network</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">diakses</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">melalui
internet. Sistem yang akan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dibangun nantinya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dapat digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menghubungkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengendalikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">macam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berbagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">macam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">protocol
dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">vendor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang
berbeda. Penulis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berbasis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">protocol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">X10
dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan yang terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kekomputer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">melalui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">antarmuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">serial</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">po</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">rt </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">merepresentasikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">peralatan yang dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kesistem.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.2.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Tujuan Penelitian</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penelitian yang dilakukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penulis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">membuat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rancangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">implementasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">home network system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yang menerapkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi, teknologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Java Embedded Server</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teknologi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jini. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dari tujuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">terdapat sub tujuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">da</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">nmengimplementasika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">nstandar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk <i>homenetwork</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penerapan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">distributed system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengimplementasikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menghubungkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lebih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">framework</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Membangun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">home network system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yang dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">diakses</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">melalui</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> internet</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.3.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Ruang</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkup</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Permasalahan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ruang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lingkup</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penelitian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menerapkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">spesifikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menerapkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teknologi JES sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">implementasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spesifikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berfungsi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">framework</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">home</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">network system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teknologi Java yang
mendukung</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">distributed services</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">home network system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">protokol X10 untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komunikasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> System</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pengontrol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berbasis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">protokol X10.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Mempelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan Java
Communication™ API untuk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">system</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pengontrol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">peralatan yang terhubung</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Melalui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial parallel port.</span></i></div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.4.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Metodologi</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penelitian</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metodologi yang digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">olehpenulis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penelitian</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">meliputi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">langkah-langkah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Perumusan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">masalah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Studi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">literatur</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Literatur yang dipelajari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penulis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">a. Java Communication™
API (<i>for</i> Linux)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Java Communication™ API merupakan Java API yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengakses</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial pararel port</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">b. Protokol X10</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">protocol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">elektronik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berkomunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">melalui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">jaringan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">listrik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">c. J2ME</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Java Virtual Machine yang digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menjalankan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">program yang berbasis Java untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lingkungan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">embedded system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">d. Jini</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tehnologi Java yang menggabungkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sekelompok</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penyedia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pengguna</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">service</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebuah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">network</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, <i>service</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">diberikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">peralatan yang terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">network</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">e. OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">framework</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan
JES</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">spesifikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">service gateway</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menghubungkan <i>home network system</i>dengan internet.
JES</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teknologi Java yang
mengimplementasikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">standar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi.</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">f. Servlet</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Servlet</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menghasilkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dokumen HTML untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antarmuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pengontrolan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">home network system</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">web browser</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">via
protokol HTTP.</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.5.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Sistematika</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penulisan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Sistematika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penulisan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berikut :</span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bab I Pendahuluan, berisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">latar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">belakang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">masalah,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tujuan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penelitian,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ruang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lingkup</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">masalah, metode</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penelitian, dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sistematika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penulisan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bab II Landasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Teori, berisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">landasan-landasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teori yang digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> penulisan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ini. Landasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">teori</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">diperoleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penulis</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">studi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">literature</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">meliputi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">protokol X10, Java
Communication™ API, J2ME, Jini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">OSGi.</span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bab III Analisa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kebutuhan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sistem, berisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">arsitektur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sistem, analisa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kebutuhan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">system</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pengguna</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">usecase diagram</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bab VII Kesimpulan, berisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kesimpulan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">skripsi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">saran pengembangan di
masa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">depan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">terhadap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sistem yang
dihasilkan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Keseluruhan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tulisan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> penulisa ini </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">font </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Times New Roman 12-14 poin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kecuali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penulisan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kelas-kelas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">font </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Courier New 10 poin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">penulisan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kode program
menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">font </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arial 8 poin.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">BAB II LANDASAN TEORI</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.1.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Java Communication</b>™<b> API</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Antarmuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">terpopuler</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebuah personal komputer (PC) adalah</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">disebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">juga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai RS-232
(singkatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Recommend</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Standar</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 232). Antar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">muka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">memungkinkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">computer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berkomunikasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan<i>external device</i>. Peralatan yang memiliki</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antarmuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">misalnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">printer, modem, bar
code scanner</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">smart card reader</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Selain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antarmuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">terdapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antarmuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">parallel port</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. [Mysore, 1998]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">melakukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> I/O<i> device</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">parallel</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I/O<i>
device</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">bahasa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pemrograman Java,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dibuatlah Java
Communication™ API. Untuksistemoperasi Linux digunakan Java Communication™ API
for Linux yang berisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">package</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Courier; font-size: 10pt;">gnu.io</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yang mendukung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pararel port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">semantik java yang tradisional</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">seperti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">stream</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan<i>event</i>.
Dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan Java
Communication™ API,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengirimkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menerima data dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">external device</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yang terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ke PC kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">melalui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">parlelport.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Java Communication™
API juga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">memberikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pilihan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lengkap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengkonfigurasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">semua parameter yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perlukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berkomunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I/O<i> device</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">parallel</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I/O<i> device</i>. Parameter
yang dapatdikonfigurasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antara lain adalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">baud rate</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>flow control</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">parity bit.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">struktur API untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pemrograman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">parelel device,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Java Communication™ API
berperan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">port manager.</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Java Communication™ API memberikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">fungsionalitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berikut: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Spesifikasi
API yang lengkap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">computer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Serial</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">paralel port</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Kontrol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">penuhuntuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">semua parameter yang meliputi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">baud rate</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">, <i>parity</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bit</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">flow control</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <i>Basic I/O Control</i>
yang menjadi sub kelas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari Java <i>I/O Stream</i>. Untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">input</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan <i>ouput</i>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Java Communication™ API menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">stream</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang
sudah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sangat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dikenal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">oleh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">semua Java <i>programmer</i>.
<i>Stream </i>dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lebih</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">luas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mendukung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">flow control</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">threshold control</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Menggunakan Java <i>event
model</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">memberikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">notifikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">atas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perubahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">input</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yang diterima.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.2.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Protokol X10</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Protokol X10 merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">salah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">satu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">protokol yang digunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">untuk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mengendalikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">beberapa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">peralatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">elektronik yang terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">kejaringan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">listrik. Protokol X10 menggunakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">gelombang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">listrik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">sebagai media</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">perantara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menyampaikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">perintah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">tertentuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">eperalatan X10.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">[Kingery, 1999]</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ada
2 macam X10 <i>device</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yaitu X10 <i>tranmitter</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan X10 <i>receiver</i>. X10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">transmitter</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">merupakan X10 <i>device</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">yang dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">mengirimkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">perintah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ke</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">X10 <i>receiver</i>. X10 <i>receiver</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menerima</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sinyal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berisi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perintah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari X10 <i>transmitter</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tetapi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengirimkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sinyal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">terhadap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> X10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>transmitter</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">respon</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">perintah yang diberikan. Setiap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">perintah yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dikirimkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> X10 <i>transmitter</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">akan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">di<i>broadcast</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kesemua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">peralatan X10 yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">terhubung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">kejaringan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">listrik. Sebuah X10 <i>tranmitter</i>
yang dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dihubungkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">computer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">disebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sebagai X10 <i>controller.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">X10 <i>transmitter</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">memiliki</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">muka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sehinggadapatdihubungkandengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komputer. Dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">adanya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">muka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">serial port</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengirim</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">perintah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">computer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ke X10 <i>device</i>
yang ada.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">BAB III ANALISA KEBUTUHAN
SISTEM</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pada bab ini akan dibahas permasalahan dan analisa kebutuhan dari
sistem. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pada tahap ini akan dibuat gambaran umum tentang struktur, pola serta
komponen</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">sistem secara umum, rumusan kebutuhan fungsionalitas dari sistem
dan <i>use case </i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">diagram</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.1.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Arsitektur Sistem</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ada 3 komponen utama yang akan dibangun yaitu <i>home network</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">system,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> JES<i> framework</i> dan Jini <i>system</i>.
Ketiganya saling terkait dan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mendukung satu sama lain. Masing-masing komponen akan dijelaskan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dalam sub-sub bab sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.1.1</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Home Network System</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sebuah <i>home network system</i> meliputi satu atau lebih <i>device</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang terhubung ke sebuah komputer yang akan digunakan untuk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengendalikan <i>device</i>. </span></div>
</div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam penelitian ini digunakan beberapa peralatan untuk</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">merepresentasikan <i>device</i> yang dapat terhubung ke sistem
yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. X10 <i> device</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">X10 <i>device</i> yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari
3</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">buah alat yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">a. 1
buah X10 <i>controller/transmitter</i>
(CM12U) yang memiliki</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">antarmuka RS-232 untuk dihubungkan dengan <i>serial port</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komputer.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">b. 1 buah X10 <i>receiver/appliance module</i> (AM12U), X10</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">receiver</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> ini dihubungkan dengan
sebuah lampu yang akan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">merepresentasikan sebuah <i>appliance</i>.
Operasi yang dapat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dilakukan pada X10 <i>receiver</i> ini adalah operasi menyalakan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan mematikan <i>appliance</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">c. 1 buah X10 <i>receiver/lamp
module</i> (AM12U), X10 <i>receiver</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ini
dihubungkan dengan sebuah lampu. Operasi yang dapat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dilakukan pada X10 <i>receiver</i> ini adalah operasi menyalakan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(<i>on</i>),
mematikan (<i>off</i>), meredupkan (<i>dim</i>) dan memperterang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(<i>bright</i>) lampu.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <i>Serial I/O Switch</i>
(K108)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">K108 merupakan rangkaian <i>microcontroller</i> elektronik yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">memiliki 8 <i>output
switch</i>, 4 <i>input switch</i> dan memiliki</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antarmuka RS-232 untuk dihubungkan dengan <i>serial port</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">komputer.
Operasi yang dapat dilakukan pada K108 adalah</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menyalakan dan mematikan <i>switch</i>
serta mendapatkan status</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">switch</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">. Tiap <i>switch</i>
K108 dapat dihubungkan ke alat elektronik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">lainnya.
Dalam penelitian ini K108 dihubungkan dengan lampu,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pemanas dan pendingin. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <i>Serial Digital
Termometer</i> (K145)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">K145 merupakan rangkaian <i>microcontroller</i> elektronik yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">digunakan
untuk mengukur suhu ruangan dan memiliki</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">antarmuka RS-232 untuk dihubungkan dengan <i>serial port</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komputer. K145 memiliki 4 buah <i>sensor port</i> yang masing-</span></div>
</div>
<div class="WordSection6">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">masing dapat dihubungkan dengan sebuah sensor suhu. Operasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang dapat dilakukan pada K145 adalah mendapatkan informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">suhu dari sensor suhu.</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.1.2</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>JES<i>Framework</i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pada penelitian ini akan dibuat Jini<i> system</i> yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menghubungkan beberapa <i>OSGi
framework. OSGi framework</i> ini</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">diimplementasikan dengan JES. Untuk keperluan tersebut dibangun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 buah JES
<i>framework</i> yang berada di 4 buah komputer yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">berbeda. JES <i>framework</i>
yang pertama akan menjalankan Jini</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lookup service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. JES <i>framework</i>
yang ke dua akan dihubungkan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan X10<i> device</i> dan JES <i>framework</i> yang ke tiga
dihubungkan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan K145 dan K108. Sedangkan JES <i>framework</i> yang ke empat
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">akan digunakan sebagai Jini <i>client</i>
dan menyediakan akses</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pengoperasian <i>device</i>
melalui protokol HTTP. Penjelasan lebih</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lanjut dapat dilihat pada sub bab 3.1.4 tentang skenario sistem.</span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dari 3 jenis <i>device</i> yang digunakan dalam pembuatan <i>home</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">network system</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> ini akan
diimplementasikan sebagai JES <i>service</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">yang
berjalan di atas <i>JES framework</i> dan menjadi Jini <i>service</i> yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">akan dapat diakses oleh Jini<i> client. </i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jini<i> system</i> yang akan dibuat terdiri dari <i>service</i>, <i>client</i> dan</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">lookup
service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> yang masing-masing berjalan di atas JES</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">framework</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">.
JES <i>framework</i> yang pertama akan
menjalankan Jini</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">lookup service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> dan yang ke dua akan menjalankan Jini <i>service</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">untuk X10<i> device.</i> JES <i>framework</i>
yang ke tiga akan menjalankan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jini <i>service</i> untuk K108 dan K145. Sedangkan JES <i>framework</i>
yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ke empat akan berperan sebagai Jini <i>client</i> dan <i>home portal</i> yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menyediakan akses kendali ke <i>device</i> melalui internet.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pada
gambar berikut dapat dilihat arsitektur Jini <i>system</i> yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">akan diimplementasikan dalam skripsi ini.</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.1.4</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Skenario Sistem</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pada sub bab 3.1.1 telah dijelaskan ada 3 macam <i>device</i> yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">akan digunakan. Dari 3 <i>device</i>
akan dibuat 5 macam alat yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lampu, pemanas, pendingin, X10 <i>device</i> dan termometer.
Lampu, </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pemanas dan pendingin merupakan peralatan elektronik yang biasa</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">digunakan di rumah. Lampu, pemanas dan pendingin akan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dihubungkan ke K108. Termometer menggunakan K145 yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">memiliki sensor suhu. Kelima alat tersebut akan dihubungkan ke</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">beberapa
komputer yang berbeda untuk membentuk suatu sistem </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">terdistribusi. Untuk pengembangan sistem dibutuhkan 5 komputer,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">kelima komputer tersebut akan diberi kode C01, C02, C03, C04</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dan C05 untuk memudahkan penulisan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Komputer C01 digunakan sebagai Jini <i>lookup service.</i> X10</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">device</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> akan terhubung ke komputer C02. Sedangkan
lampu, </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pemanas, pendingin dan termometer akan terhubung ke komputer</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">C03. Komputer C02 dan C03 tersebut diinstal <i>Java Embedded</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Server</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> sebagai OSGi <i>framework</i>
untuk menjalankan <i>device</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">manager</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> dan <i>device service</i> dari masing-masing alat. Kedua</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komputer tersebut juga berperan sebagai penyedia <i>service</i>
Jini.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Komputer C04 akan berperan sebagai <i>Jini client</i> dan <i>web </i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">server</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Komputer ini juga akan menyediakan antarmuka
berupa </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 10.65pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dokumen HTML yang dapat diakses oleh <i>internet user</i> melalui</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">protokol HTTP. Dokumen HTML
ini dihasilkan oleh <i>servlet</i> dan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berisi <i>form</i> untuk
mengoperasikan kelima alat yaitu lampu, </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">pemanas, pendingin, termometer dan X10<i>
device</i>. <i>Servlet</i> yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menghasilkan dokumen HTML tersebut akan memproses <i>request</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari <i>user</i> dengan menggunakan Jini <i>client</i> untuk
memperoleh Jini</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. Komputer C02 dan C03 juga
menyediakan antarmuka</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa dokumen HTML untuk mengkonfigurasi <i>device</i> yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">terhubung dengan masing-masing komputer tersebut. Sedangkan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">komputer C05 digunakan sebagai <i>web browser.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Secara keseluruhan sistem dibuat dengan tujuan agar <i>user </i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dapat mengakses, mengkonfigurasi dan mengoperasikan <i>device</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang berada pada lingkungan sistem terdistribusi dengan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menerapkan OSGi dan Jini. </span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.1.5</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b><i>Application Layer</i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Berdasarkan gambaran struktur dan skenarion sistem tersebut </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">akan dilakukan pendefinisian <i>layer</i> (lapisan) aplikasi. Ada
3 lapisan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari aplikasi yang akan dibuat yaitu terdiri dari <i>presentation and</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">application layer</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, <i>physical layer</i> dan<i> service layer</i>. <i>Presentation </i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and application layer</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> atau lapisan
presentasi dan aplikasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">merupakan lapisan yang dikembangkan untuk pembuatan <i>user</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">interface</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yang dapat diakses <i>user</i>
melalui protokol HTTP dengan</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">web browser</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">. <i>Service layer</i> atau <i>lapisan
service</i> merupakan lapisan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang menjadi penghubung dan alat komunikasi antara <i>presentation
</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and application layer</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> dan <i>physical layer</i>. <i>Physical layer </i>atau </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">lapisan fisik adalah peralatan fisik yang akan dikontrol oleh <i>service</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">layer.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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</div>
</div>
<br />
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.2.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Pengguna Sistem</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Setelah mendapatkan gambaran sistem yang akan dibangun</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">selanjutnya dirumuskan pengguna sistem dan fungsionalitas sistem
tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Terdapat 2 tipe <i>user</i> yang akan menggunakan sistem yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. <i>Configurator,</i> merupakan <i>user</i> yang dapat mengkonfigurasi <i>device</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">seperti menentukan <i>port</i> yang digunakan oleh <i>sebuah
device</i>. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. <i>Operator</i>,
merupakan <i>user</i> yang dapat melakukan operasi terhadap</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">device</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> seperti menyalakan dan
mematikan <i>device</i>.</span></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.3.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Fungsionalitas Sistem</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fungsionalitas dari sistem yang akan dibangun oleh penulis dibagi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menjadi beberapa bagian yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Pengkonfigurasian <i>device</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Configurator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> dapat mengkonfigurasi 3 macam alat yang
telah </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dijelaskan pada sub bab
3.1.1 yaitu X10 <i>device,</i> K108 dan K145.
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">a. Pengkonfigurasian X10 <i>device</i>, <i>configurator</i> dapat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengkonfigurasi <i>port</i> yang digunakan oleh X10 <i>controller</i>
dan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">menentukan <i>device address</i> dari X10 <i>receiver</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">b. Pengkonfigurasian K108 <i>device</i>, <i>configurator</i> dapat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengkonfigurasi <i>port</i> yang digunakan
oleh K108 (<i>serial </i> I/O</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">switch</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">) dan menentukan jenis alat
yang terhubung ke masing-</span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">masing <i>switch</i> K108. Dalam penelitian ini ada 3 jenis alat
yang</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dihubungkan ke K108 yaitu lampu, pemanas dan pendingin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">c. Pengkonfigurasian K145 <i>device</i>, <i>configurator</i> dapat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">mengkonfigurasi <i>port</i> yang
digunakan oleh K145 (termometer</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">digital) dan menentukan sensor suhu mana yang terpakai. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Pengoperasian <i>device</i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Operator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> dapat melakukan operasi
terhadap <i>device</i> yang terdapat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dalam sistem. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">a. Pengoperasian X10 <i>device</i>, <i>operator</i> dapat melakukan operasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menyalakan,
mematikan X10 <i>device</i> dan melakukan penjadualan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari operasi tersebut<i>.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">b. Pengoperasian
lampu, <i>operator</i> dapat melakukan operasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menyalakan,
mematikan lampu dan melakukan penjadualan dari</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">operasi tersebut<i>.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">c. Pengoperasian
pendingin, <i>operator</i> dapat melakukan operasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menyalakan,
mematikan pendingin dan melakukan penjadualan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari operasi tersebut<i>.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">d. Pengoperasian
pemanas, <i>operator</i> dapat melakukan operasi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menyalakan,
mematikan pemanas dan melakukan penjadualan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dari operasi tersebut<i>.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Pengambilan data
waktu, <i>operator</i> dapat mengetahui waktu pada saat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ini. Satuan waktu yang ditampilkan adalah jam, menit dan detik</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4. Pengambilan data
temperatur, o<i>perator</i> dapat mengetahui temperatur</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ruangan pada saat ini.</span></div>
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</div>
</div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;">BAB IV KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.1. Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dari penelitian dan pembuatan sistem oleh
penulis, diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.
Teknologi Jini dapat menghubungkan beberapa OSGi framework denga mengimplementasikan
Jini sebagai service bundle</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.
OSGi framework yang diimplementasikan dengan Java Embedded Server memudahkan
manajemen aplikasi yang dipresentasikan dengan service bundle. OSGi framework menerapkan
konsep aplikasi yang dinamis, yaitu aplikasi tidak bersifat static tetapi
memiliki daur hidup ( life cycle ).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.
Kolaborasi OSGi framework dan teknologi Jini mewujudkan konsep plug and
play device yaitu sebuah device dapat dengan mudah bergabung ke jaringan dan
lepas dari jaringan tanpa perlu menghentikan sistem yang sedang berjalan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.
Kolaborasi OSGi framework dan teknologi Jini mewujudkan konsep “smart
device that talk each other” yaitu sebuah device dapat berkomunikasi dengan device
lainnya melalui service dari masing- masing device. Dalam penelitian ini
contohnya jika service dari timer dan service dari X10 device dijalankan maka
penjadualan X10 device akan muncul.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.
OSGi framework dapat menangani device dengan protokol-protokol berbeda
satu sama lain. Dalam penelitian ini, OSGi framework mampu menangani X10 device
yang menggunakan protokol X10 dan serial device.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6.
Dalam OSGi framework setiap service bundle memiliki interface dan implementation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">yang terpisah. Hal ini memudahkan dalam
penulisan program karena implementation dapat ditulis ulang tanpa perlu merubah
interface yang ada. Pemisahan interface dan implementation tersebut sangat bermanfaat
jika service akan digunakan oleh service lain dalam OSGi framework.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7. Device yg ada saat ini masih bersifat dumb
device. Device tidak dapat memberikan input ke sistem sehingga masih
menggunakan configurator untuk melakukan konfigurasi device secara manual.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8.
Sistem ini dapat diakses dari LAN dan internet melalui web browser apabila
komputer yang digunakan untuk menjalankan HTTP server antar muka web memiliki
IP address yang dapat diakses dari LAN dan internet.</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.2. Saran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Saran-saran pengembangan dari penelitian ini
adalah:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.
Sistem dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk menghubungkan lebih banyak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Device dan menggunakan protocol-protokol lain
seperti Bluetooth, uPnP dan HAVi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.
Sistem dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk menggunakan antarmuka
berbasis extensible markup language (XML) untuk memudahkan sistem menampilkan
hasil ke user</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">dengan adanya pemisahan antara data dan
visualisasi data karena sifat XML yang memungkinkan sebuah dokumen independen terhadap
layout-nya. XML juga dapat digunakan untuk menyeragamkan format data yang akan
diproses oleh sistem.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.
Sistem dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk menggunakan antarmuka yang
lebih beragam, tidak hanya berupa dokumen HTML tetapi juga dokumen WML dan SMS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">execution command interface sehingga sistem
selain melalui web browser juga dapat diakses melalui wap browser dan mobile
phone.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">DAFTAR</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Arrington,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2001]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Arrington,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">CT.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Enterprise</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">with</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">UML</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">John</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Wiley</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">&</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sons</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Inc.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2001</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Avedal,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Avedal,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Karl</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">et</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">al.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Professional</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">JSP</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Wrox.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Booch,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1998]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Booch,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Grady.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">James</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rumbaugh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ivar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Jacobson.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">The</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Unified</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Modelling</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Language</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">User</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Guide</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Addison</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Wesley.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1998</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Chen,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Chen,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Kirk.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Li</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Gong.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Programming</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Open</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Source</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Gateways</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">with</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Embedded</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Server</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Technology</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Addison</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Wesley.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Cooper,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1998]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Cooper,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">James</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">W.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">The</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Design</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Patterns</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Companion</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Addison</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Wesley.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1998</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Davidson,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Davidson,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">James</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Duncan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Danny</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Coward.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Servlet</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Specification</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">v2.2</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Final</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Release</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Microsystem.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Day,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Day,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Bill.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Jini™</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Connection</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Technology</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Architecture</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Overview</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Microsystem.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">[Geisler,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Geisler,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Michael.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Lamp</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Project</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">http://lamp.jini.org/</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Kingery,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Kingery,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Phil.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">"Digital</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">X-10"</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Which</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">One</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Should</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">I</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Use,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Part</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">XIII</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">(Preamble)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">http://www.hometoys.com/htinews/feb99/articles/kingery/kingery13.htm</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Knudsen,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2001]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Knudsen,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Jonathan.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Wireless</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Developing</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">with</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">2,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Micro</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Edition</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Apress.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2001</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Kumar,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2001]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Kumar,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Anand.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">White</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Paper:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Jini</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Network</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Technology</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Advanced</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Tehnology</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Group.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2001</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.4pt; text-indent: 41.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Lombardo,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Lombardo,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">John.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Embedded</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Linux</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">News</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Riders.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Mysore,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1998]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Mysore,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Shivaram</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">H.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rinaldo</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Giorgio.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">gets</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">serial</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">support</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">with</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">the</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">new</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">javax.comm</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">package</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1998</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-05-1998/jw-05-javadev.html</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Newmarch,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Newmarch,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Jan.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">A</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Programmer’s</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Guide</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">to</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Jini</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Technology</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Apress.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Perrone,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Perrone,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Paul</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">J</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Venkata</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">S.R</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Krishna</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Chaganti.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Jini</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">in</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">the</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">box.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Embedded</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Systems</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Programming</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">vol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">12</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">num</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">12.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">November</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Peterson,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Peterson,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Jesse.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">X10</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">API.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">http://www.peterson.com.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 41.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.35pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.45pt; text-indent: 41.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[Quatrani,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Quatrani,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Terry.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Visual</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Modelling</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">with</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rational</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rose</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">UML.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Addison</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Wesley.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.45pt; text-indent: 41.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[RationalA,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rational</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Software</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Corporation</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">IBM</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Corporation.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rational</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Unified</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Process</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.45pt; text-indent: 41.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[RationalB,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rational</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Software</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Corporation</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">IBM</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Corporation.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rational</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Rose</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Help</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.45pt; text-indent: 41.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[SunA,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Microsystem.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">How</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">to</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">write</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">your</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">first</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">JES</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">service</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2000</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 149.4pt;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 390.0pt 448.65pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[SunB,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Microsystem.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Datasheet:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Embedded</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Server</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 108.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Technology</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 108.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 108.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.45pt 184.8pt 264.1pt 325.2pt 366.9pt 413.95pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[SunC,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sun</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Microsystem.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Technical</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">White</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Paper:</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Jini</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.5pt;">™</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 108.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Architectural</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Overview</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">1999</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 108.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-indent: 108.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 44.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 152.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[SunD,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2001]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Sun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Microsystem.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Datasheet:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Java</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Platform,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Micro</span></i><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Edition</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">2002</span>Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-76695672580190661302013-12-03T17:51:00.000-08:002013-12-03T17:51:33.707-08:00Tugas Manajemen Data Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">FAKULTAS ILMU KOMPUTER & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WmUHdtxi97I/UpH4AfB--gI/AAAAAAAAAP8/xyONqKhBf34/s1600/gundar.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WmUHdtxi97I/UpH4AfB--gI/AAAAAAAAAP8/xyONqKhBf34/s1600/gundar.png" style="cursor: move;" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">TUGAS PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">JURNAL </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">PENGEMBANGAN
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">JARINGAN
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(MANAJEMEN
DATA TELEMATIKA)</span></span></div>
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<div class="Section1">
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">ABSTRAKSI</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Latifah. 13110973</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Novika Ari Pahlawati. 15110080</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Restu Anjani. 15110772</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">JURNAL </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">PENGEMBANGAN
SISTEM REMOTE ACCESS JARINGAN BERBASIS CLIENT SERVER(MANAJEMEN DATA TELEMATIKA)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tugas Pengantar Telematika. Jurusan Sistem
Informasi, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas
Gunadarma, 2013</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kata Kunci : Manajemen Data
Telematika, Client Server, Sistem Remote Access Jaringan</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">(</span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-themecolor: text1;">ii</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">i + 12 halaman</span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Penerapan
jaringan komputer pada laboratorium jaringan komputer membutuhkan sistem
manajemen jaringan, fungsi manajemen jaringan menggunakan sistem <i>remote
access </i>ialah sebagai aplikasi manajemen sebuah jaringan agar bisa memonitor
dan mengontrol suatu jaringan dari lokasi tertentu pada jaringan berbasis <i>client
server, </i>Tujuan penelitian adalah membuat aplikasi sistem <i>remote access </i>untuk
mengontrol beberapa <i>client </i>yang sedang aktif didalam jaringan dan
melengkapi fungsi manajemen jaringan komputer lokal. Metode yang digunakan pada
penelitian ini adalah metode RSJK (Rekayasa Sistem Jaringan Komputer) untuk
analisis rekayasa sistem jaringan Lokal dan Pengembangan perangkat lunak
menggunakan metode <i>The Linear Sequential </i>untuk perancangan antar muka <i>remote
acces</i>. Rancangan jaringan komputer lokal berbentuk <i>client server</i>
dengan topologi <i>star</i>. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat lunak
yang dikembangkan ini dapat membantu mempermudah administrator jaringan
melakukan pemantauan terhadap penggunaan komputer dengan memanfaatkan jaringan,
Stabilitas aktifitas yang terjadi pada jaringan bisa terpantau oleh
Administrator <i>server </i>(Tutor) meskipun jumlah tutor terbatas sehingga
prosesevaluasi praktikum bisa terpantau tanpa langsung menemui secara langsung
ke tempat komputer <i>client, </i>Manfaat jaringan komputer seperti <i>resource
sharing</i>, efektif dan efisien dan hingga menekan biaya operasional menjadi
alasan penting dalam munculnya teknologi jaringan oleh karena itu agar
pemanfaatan teknologi jaringan komputer bisa maksimal maka penting sekali
menerapkan sistem manajemen jaringan bagi seorang administrator pada jaringan
lingkup LAN atau lingkup jaringanbesar agar setiap kesalahan dalam rekayasa
sistem jaringan bisa terhindari seminimal mungkin.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Daftar Pustaka (2012-2013)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Halaman</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman
Judul.............................................................................................................................i</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstraksi<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">....................................................................................................................................ii</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Isi...................................................................................................................................iii</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">...........................................................................................................</span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">1</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 31.5pt dotted 369.0pt 5.25in 382.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang...........................................................................................................1</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 31.5pt dotted 369.0pt 5.25in 382.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">..................................................................................................2</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.1 Jaringan
Komputer..................................................</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.................................................2</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Remote
Access................................................</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.........................................................2</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bab III ANALISA HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN...................................................................3</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.1 Desain
Sistem.........................................................................................................</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">...3</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.2 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagram Alir Remote
Access.........................</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">............................................................3</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.3
Pengkodean................................................................................................................6</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.4 Testing dan Implementasi
Sistem..............................................................................6</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.5 Review &
Evaluation...............................................................................................10</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab IV PENUTUP</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">...................................................................................................................11</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1
Kesimpulan..............................................................................................................11</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA..............................................................................................................12</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</span></span></span><br />
<div class="Section2">
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB I</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 55.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar Belakang</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengembangan
aplikasi sistem <i>remote access </i>menjadi alternatif dalam manajemen
jaringan komputer, baik pengelolaan kegiatan praktikum, evaluasi kegiatan
praktikum sampai kegiatan <i>maintenance, </i>prinsip <i>remote access </i>sejalan
dengan pengembangan jaringan berbasis <i>client </i>dan <i>server </i>dimana <i>client
</i>di ibaratkan sebagai peserta praktikan dan <i>server </i>sebagai tutor
(asisten praktikan). </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebelumnya
aplikasi sejenis sistem <i>remote access </i>telah dirancang dan diterapkan
diberbagai bidang seperti bidang perkantoran, pendidikan, dan pemerintahan. Di
bidang perkantoran contohnya Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak Pemantauan Jarak Jauh
(<i>Remote Monitoring </i>(Handaya, 2005), dibidang pendidikan contohnya
Analisis Dan Desain Sistem Resource Monitoring Pada Jaringan Komputer Berbasis
Protokol TCP/IP (Indra, Dkk, 2004) dan dibidang pemerintahan contohnya Rancang
Bangun Aplikasi Remote untuk Administrasi LAN (Hermoko, Dkk, 2006).</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Aplikasi
sistem <i>remote access </i>yang telah dirancang diatas terdapat beberapa
kekurangan dan beberapa permasalahan seperti kurangnya fitur/fasilitas dalam
memenuhi syarat manajemen jaringan. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh
karena itu aplikasi <i>remote access </i>ini memerlukan pengembangan lagi
diantaranya pengembangan fitur <i>monitoring desktop client </i>hal ini
berkaitan dengan alternatif solusi dari permasalahan pengawasan berbagai
komputer yang terhubung didalam jaringan, <i>monitoring network client </i>dan
masalah otoritas keamanan aplikasi berupa manajemen password <i>user </i>didalam
aplikasi <i>server </i>agar tidak terjadi penyalahgunaan aplikasi, serta
kebanyakan perangkat lunak <i>remoteaccess </i>yang telah ada selama ini lebih
mengutamakan fasilitas utama pada <i>server</i>, tetapi disuatu saat mungkin
fitur dari <i>client </i>juga perlu dikembangkan seperti fasilitas fitur <i>chating
</i>dengan <i>administrator</i>, fitur <i>remote file </i>dari <i>client </i>ke
<i>server, </i>dan fitur <i>File Transfer Protocol </i>(FTP) untuk memudahkan
setiap <i>client </i>yang membutuhkan alat komunikasi data di dalam jaringan
hal ini berkaitan dengan alternatif solusi dari permasalahan proses komunikasi
data. Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini ialah mengembangkan aplikasi sistem <i>remote
access </i>jaringan berbasis <i>client server</i>, bertujuan untuk
mengembangkan fasilitas <i>server </i>meliputi : <i>file sharing</i>, <i>monitoring
desktop client</i>, <i>network monitor </i>dan keamanan aplikasi. fasilitas <i>client
</i>meliputi : <i>chatting </i>dari <i>client ke server</i>, <i>remote file
manager </i>LAN (<i>Local Area Network</i>), dan FTP (<i>FileTransfer Protocol</i>).</span></span></span></span></div>
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</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section3">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB II</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2.1 Jaringan Komputer</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Jaringan
didefinisikan oleh Wirija (2002) adalah Jika Komputer dimana anda bekerja</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">berhubungan
dengan komputer lain dan peralatan lain sehingga membentuk suatu group, Jadi
sistem jaringan (<i>Networking system</i>) dapat disimpulkan bahwa bagaimana
komputer tersebut bisa saling berhubungan serta mengatur sumber yang ada.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2.<i>2 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remote Access</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Remote
access didefinisikan oleh Utomo, Dkk (2010), Remote access merupakan sistem
yang bisa digunakan dalam pengendalian suatu manajemen jaringan, dimana
administrator dapat dengan mudah mengontrol dan mengawasi komputer client,
berinteraksi dengan user, backup data, atau aktifitas lainnya. Sedangkan
menurut Dhawan (1998) dalam Eliminate Guess Work (2010), Remote Accessadalah
kemampuan untuk terhubung dengan <i>resource </i>pada suatu <i>network </i>sentral
dari suatu lokasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ini
berarti menggunakan sebuah PC dan modem di satu tempat, lewat kabel telepon,
terhubung kesuatu PC atau server pada <i>network </i>utama suatu perusahaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara
umum aplikasi <i>remote access </i>mempunyai beberapa fungsi dalam manajemen
jaringan,menurut wahana dan andi (2010), dalam bukunya Cara Jitu Pengelolaan
Jaringan Windows denganRemote Desktop dan Administration, ada beberapa kegunaan
<i>remote access/Remote Desktop </i>yanglazim diantaranya;</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">- Mengendalikan
komputer lain dari lokasi yang remote, misalnya untuk mengakses software</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">di
komputer yang ada di divisi atau bagian lain di perusahaan oleh pengguna
technical</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">support
perusahaan diruang kerjanya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-
Mematikan komputer dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">- Menghidupkan
ulang komputer/restart dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-
Memodifikasi <i>setting registry </i>komputer lain dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-
Mengawasi penggunaan komputer lain dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-
Membantu pengguna lain memecahkan masalah di PC-nya dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-
Mengawasi penggunaan program berjalan / internet dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-
Pemeliharaan (<i>maintenance</i>) komputer dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">- <i>Sharing
resource </i>dari jarak jauh.</span></div>
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</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section4">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB
III</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">ANALISA
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.1
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desain
Sistem</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sebagai
upaya untuk memperjelas cara kerja sistem yang akan dibuat, maka perlu
disajikan diagram perancangan sistem secara umum dan khusus. Dengan melihat
kelemahan serta kebutuhan sistem yang berkaitan dengan <i>tool </i>administrator
jaringan baik untuk aplikasi Tutor (Admin Server) maupun Peserta Praktikan
(User/Client).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">DFD
level 0</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
gambaran ini menunjukan apa saja yang dilakukan oleh seorang admin didalam menu
sistem aplikasi <i>server remote access</i>, yaitu melakukan ping network untuk
mengetahui host-host yang aktif, sesi koneksi ialah untuk menghubungkan dengan
aplikasi <i>client</i>, kendali file explorer dari <i>server</i>, komunikasi <i>chat
</i>dan <i>pesan</i>, dan kendali <i>registry windows client </i>seperti <i>shut
down</i>, <i>restart</i>, logoff, hide menu windows,taskbar, dan mengatur <i>password
login</i>, monitoring aktifitas melalui capture/perekaman desktop serta <i>monitoring
</i>aplikasi yang sedang berjalan di komputer <i>client</i>. Sedangkan pada
user/client aktifitas yang bisa dilakukan didalam menu sistem aplikasi <i>clientremote
access </i>ialah <i>chating </i>, <i>Remote file manager</i>, dan menu File
Transfer Protocol (FTP).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JsooOkksAx4/Up6GtyK4mKI/AAAAAAAAAQU/RuXYOtnyNQY/s1600/dfd+level+0.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JsooOkksAx4/Up6GtyK4mKI/AAAAAAAAAQU/RuXYOtnyNQY/s400/dfd+level+0.png" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 1. DFD
Level 0</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diagram Alir
Remote Access</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Diagram Alir Proses Pembentukan Sistem <i>Remote
</i>dari Server ke <i>Client </i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3NEzV0E-RhE/Up6HfRbRziI/AAAAAAAAAQc/xIZZMKA61Q0/s1600/diagram+alir.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3NEzV0E-RhE/Up6HfRbRziI/AAAAAAAAAQc/xIZZMKA61Q0/s400/diagram+alir.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 2.
Diagram Alir Proses Pembentukan Sistem Remote dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Server </span>ke Client.</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Diagram Alir Proses Pembentukan Sistem
Remote dari <i>Client </i>Ke <i>Server</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan
untuk diagram alir proses pembentukan sistem <i>remote </i>dari <i>client </i>ke
<i>server </i>ialah sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 3.
Diagram Alir Proses Pembentukan Sistem Remote dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Client </span>ke <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Server</span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengkodean</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tahap
selanjutnya dalam pengembangan aplikasi sistem <i>remote access </i>ini ialah
pembuatan <i>code</i>, Pengkodean merupakan proses menterjemahkan desain ke
dalam suatu bahasa yang bisa dimengerti oleh komputer. Pengkodean program
aplikasi sistem <i>remote access </i>ini terbagi kedalam dua bagian, yaitu <i>code
</i>program <i>server </i>dan <i>code </i>program <i>client</i>. Bagian ini hanya
menjelaskan sumber setiap <i>code </i>yang dikembangkan disetiap form yang
terdapat pada aplikasi <i>server </i>dan <i>client</i>, termasuk didalamnya
untuk <i>code </i>pada module untuk selengkapnya code apkikasi <i>remote
acccess </i>ini selanjutnya bisa hubungi penulis lewat email. Dan setiap <i>code
</i>didapat dari beberapa buku dansumber forum programing <i>Visual Basic </i>dengan
mengikuti aturan dan kaidah pengutipan danpengembangan <i>listing </i>program,
Amperiyanto (2009), VB Opensource (2012), Programer VBIndonesia (2012).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.4
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Testing dan Implementasi Sistem</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengujian
(Test) perangkat lunak <i>Remote Access </i>dilakukan terhadap beberapa fungsi
yang berhasil dikembangkan saja meliputi aplikasi <i>Server </i>dan <i>Client, </i>dengan
menggunakan metode pengujian <i>Blackbox testing </i>menurut Pressman (2001)
dan menurut sukamto (2008), secara teknis didalam melakukan pengujiannya,
aplikasi ini dicoba dalam suatu jaringan secara <i>Client Server</i> dengan
topologi <i>Star</i>. <i>Blackbox testing </i>terfokus pada spesifikasi
fungsional dari perangkat lunak.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Blackbox
testing </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">cenderung
untuk menemukan hal-hal berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Fungsi yang tidak benar atau tidak ada</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Kesalahan antarmuka <i>(interface errors)</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Kesalahan pada struktur data dan akses basis data</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
Kesalahan performansi <i>(performance errors)</i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
Kesalahan inisialisasi dan terminasi.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Langkah
tersebut selanjutnya akan dibahas hingga pengujian akses database. Pengujian
aplikasi <i>Server </i>meliputi pengujian fungsi <i>system tray, Network
Monitor, Capture Desktop, </i>dan <i>Password Management. </i>Sedangkan untuk
aplikasi <i>Client </i>pengujian dilakukan pada fungsi <i>Remote</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">File Manager, </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">fungsi <i>Chatting
dan File Transfer Protocol</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Testing
Fungsi System Tray</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada aplikasi
server dan client dikembangkan fungsi system tray pengujian berhasil dilakukan
seperti gambar berikut :</span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UfqQU1jPRGE/Up6IX9t32TI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/ViXP8GaBxbQ/s1600/hasil.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UfqQU1jPRGE/Up6IX9t32TI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/ViXP8GaBxbQ/s320/hasil.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 4. Hasil Testing Fungsi System
Tray Aplikasi Server</span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Testing
Fungsi Network Monitor</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Testing
fungsi network monitor dikembangkan pada aplikasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">manajemen
pengawasan stabilitas jaringan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ogwrf2tmfRI/Up6I_O_uGOI/AAAAAAAAAQ8/HSYNAHpw_RA/s1600/testing.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ogwrf2tmfRI/Up6I_O_uGOI/AAAAAAAAAQ8/HSYNAHpw_RA/s400/testing.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 5. Testing Fungsi Network
Monitor Aplikasi Server</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Testing
Fungsi Capture Desktop</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Testing
fungsi network monitor dikembangkan pada aplikasi server manajemen pengawasan
stabilitas jaringan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eW8T87xQEzo/Up6JeDy9U5I/AAAAAAAAARE/4jTuX5P5I4s/s1600/capture.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eW8T87xQEzo/Up6JeDy9U5I/AAAAAAAAARE/4jTuX5P5I4s/s400/capture.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 6. Testing Fungsi Capture
Desktop Aplikasi Server</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Testing
Fungsi Password Management</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi
password management dikembangkan pada aplikasi server yang bertujuan agar tidak
terjadi penyalahgunaan aplikasi dari server, sehingga hanya administrator yang
telah ditugaskan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 7. Testing Fungsi Password
Management Aplikasi Server</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Testing
Fungsi Remote File Manager Client</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengujian
dilakukan dengan <i>client </i>menentukan <i>IP server </i>dan <i>port server </i>yang
akan di<i>remote file</i>-nya, fitur remote file manager pada aplikasi client
berbeda dengan fitur kendali explorer <i>server</i>, hal ini dimaksudkan agar
tidak sembarang <i>server </i>(tutor). Pengujian dilakukan dengan status
koneksi telah mengijinkan koneksi remote file maka hasilnya seperti berikut:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 8 Testing Fungsi Remote File
Manager Client</span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Testing
Fungsi Chatting ke Server</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Fitur
chatting client hanya diperuntukan untuk berkomunikasi dengan admin server
(Tutor), hal ini dimaksudkan agar tidak terjadi diskusi atau tukar hasil
pekerjaan antar peserta praktikan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 9 Testing Fungsi Chatting
Aplikasi Client</span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">7. Testing File
Fungsi Transfer Protocol.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengujian
File Transfer protocol dilakukan disaat komputer Client terhubung ke Internet
dengan terlebih dahulu memulai (button Start Internet Session) untuk melakukan
file transfer terhadap salah satu <i>web server</i>, ambil contoh penulis
menggunakan dengan IP 31.170.160.90 jika <i>username </i>dan <i>password </i>sudah
terisi dengan benar maka koneksiterhadap <i>web server </i>bisa berjalan,
direktori file<i> protocol </i>ini baru dikembangkan hingga fitur download dan
upload.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar 10 Testing Fungsi File Transfer
Protocook Aplikasi Client</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Review dan Evaluation</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Meninjau
kekurangan sistem pada laboratorium komputer yang menerapkan sistem
jaringan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lokal area beberapa kekurangan
seperti permasalahan fungsi manajemen jaringan dari server, kendali,
pengawasan, serta kekurangan dari permasalahan komunikasi data dari client.
Maka dengan pengembangan sistem remote access ini beberapa fungsi praktikan
dapat terakomodasi, dari sisi administrator server (Tutor Praktikan) dapat
dengan mudah melakukan pengawasan, kendali dan evaluasi praktikum, dari sisi
client (Peserta Praktikan) komunikasi data menjadi mudah.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section5">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB IV</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">PENUTUP</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">4.1
Kesimpulan</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
hasil Tinjauan teoritis, Analisis serta Desain sistem <i>Remote Access </i>yang
telah diuraikan, kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian yang dapat diambil adalah
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Perangkat
lunak yang dikembangkan ini dapat membantu administrator jaringan untuk
melakukan pemantauan terhadap penggunaan komputer dalam jaringan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Stabilitas
aktifitas yang terjadi pada jaringan bisa terpantau oleh Administrator
server(Tutor) meskipun jumlah tutor terbatas sehingga proses evaluasi praktikum
bisa terpantau tanpa langsung menemui secara langsung ke tempat komputer <i>client
</i>(Peserta Praktikan).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Manfaat
jaringan komputer seperti <i>resource sharing</i>, efektif dan efisien dan
hingga menekan biaya operasional menjadi alasan penting dalam munculnya
teknologi jaringan oleh karena itu agar pemanfaatan teknologi jaringan komputer
bisa maksimal maka penting sekali menerapkan sistem manajemen jaringan bagi
seorang administrator pada jaringan lingkup LAN atau lingkup jaringan besar
agar setiap kesalahan dalam rekayasa sistem jaringan bisa terhindari seminimal
mungkin.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Beberapa
fitur yang telah dikembangkan akan mengakomodasi beberapa tugas Tutor dalam
memanajemen jaringannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengembangan
aplikasi <i>sistem remote access </i>dilakukan pada aplikasi <i>client </i>dan
aplikasi <i>server </i>yang memuat menu-menu pilihan dengan menyesuaikan
kebutuhan <i>client </i>dan administrator <i>server</i>, sehingga mudah
mengoperasikannya.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt;">[</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1] Wirija, Sudhanta “Microsoft Windows 2000 Server” PT.Elex Media
Komputindo, Jakarta, (2002) 2-4.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[2] Utomo Ndon Eko Satriyo, Wijaya I Made Yonatan, “ Implementasi
Remote Access</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">menggunakan Visual Basic 6.0”, Library SMIK AMIKOM :Yogyakarta,
(2010) sudah</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">dipubikasikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[3] Dhawan, “Enabling Remote Access With PTSN, ISDN and Internet”,
Edisi Bahasa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Indonesia “A Remote access Tutorial”, (1998). Diakses melalui </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://Google.com </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[Februari 2012]</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[4] Andi dan Wahana, “ Cara Jitu Pengelolaan Jaringan Windows
Dengan Remote Desktop dan Administration”, Wahana Komputer, (2010) 2-3.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[5] Hidayatno Achmad, “Apa itu System Engineering”, (2008) Sumber:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://hidayatno.wordpress.com/2008/09/01/apa-itu-systems-engineering
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[diakses 14</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Februari 2012]</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[6] Amperiyanto, Tri, “Buku Suci Trojan The Server”<i>, </i>Jakarta
: PT. Elex Media Komputindo, (2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[7] Amperiyanto, Tri. “Buku Suci Trojan The Client”<i>, </i>Jakarta
: PT. Elex Media Komputindo, (2009)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[8] Forum VB </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">https://www.facebook.com/groups/visualbasicopensource</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[9] Forum VB
https://www.facebook.com/groups/programmervbindonesia/</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[10] Pressman Rogerr S, “ Software Engineering edition 2”, Mc Graw
Hill, (2001) 28-29.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">[11] Rosa Ariai Sukamto (2008) Black-Box Testing Retrived Februari
2012, Sumber: :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://kikifirmansyah.blog.upi.edu/2009/10/01/black-box-testing/.</span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]
(Jurnal Online Sistem) Anindito, “Akuisisi Data dan Pengendalian Jarak Jauh
Jaringan Menggunakan TCP/IP”,Vol 1, Jurnal Teknologi Industri, (2000</span> </span></span></span></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-47498392845972283042013-11-24T05:04:00.000-08:002013-11-24T05:04:53.934-08:00Tugas Middleware Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">FAKULTAS ILMU KOMPUTER & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">TUGAS PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://patrisachi.blogspot.com/2012/01/konsep-pemrograman-jaringan-dengan.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">KONSEP PEMROGRAMAN JARINGAN DENGAN
MEMANFAATKAN MIDDLEWARE ORB (OBJECT REQUEST BROKER )</span></b></a></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nama & NPM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Latifah | 13110973<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Novika Ari Pahlawati | 1</span><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-themecolor: text1;">5110</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">080<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Restu Anjani | 15110772<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fakultas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jurusan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SistemInformasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4KA11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;">Depok<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: text1;">2013<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">ABSTRAKSI</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Latifah. 13110973<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Novika Ari Pahlawati. 15110080<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Restu Anjani. 15110772<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://patrisachi.blogspot.com/2012/01/konsep-pemrograman-jaringan-dengan.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">KONSEP PEMROGRAMAN JARINGAN DENGAN
MEMANFAATKAN MIDDLEWARE ORB (OBJECT REQUEST BROKER )</span></b></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tugas Pengantar Telematika. Jurusan Sistem
Informasi, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas
Gunadarma, 2013</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kata Kunci : Middleware, Pengantar
Telematika, Platform<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">(</span><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-themecolor: text1;">ii</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">i + 11 halaman</span><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam pemrograman client server
tingkat lanjut,adalah memungkinkan untuk membangun sebuahaplikasi dengan dasar
platform pemrograman yang berbeda-beda. Dalam pemrograman jaringan biasa /
konvesional, maka tidak akan mampu untuk mengkoneksikan dua atau lebih platform
yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk membangun aplikasi itu maka
dibutuhkan sebuah lapisan yang bisa menghubungkan platform pemrograman yang
berbeda, lapisan yang dimaksudkan adalah diistilahkan sebagai ‘middleware’. Middleware
pada tataran implementasi merupakan sebuah paket program instan yang dipakai
pada suatu platform permograman tertentu, sedangkan pada tataran konsep,
middleware mer upakan sebuah lapisan untuk lalulintas penghubung komunikasi
antar objek dari sistem yang berbeda. Ada beberapa jenis middleware, seperti
ORB (Object Request Broker), RMI (Remote Method Invocation), dan MOM (Message
Oriented Middleware).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas
tentang pemahaman dan tujuan umum dari middleware, lingkungan komputasi dari
middleware, memahami kebutuhan middleware, serta mengenal contoh-contoh middleware.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Daftar Pustaka (2012-2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ii<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR
ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Halaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman
Judul.............................................................................................................................i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstraksi<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">....................................................................................................................................ii<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Isi...................................................................................................................................iii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">...........................................................................................................</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 31.5pt dotted 369.0pt 5.25in 382.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latar Belakang Masalah............................................................................................1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Batasan Masalah........................................................................................................1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan
Penulisan........................................................................................................2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode
Penelitian......................................................................................................2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">..................................................................................................3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.1 Middleware dan Enterprise ApplicationIntegration</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.................................................3</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Middleware ORB dalam
framework CORB</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.........................................................3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.3 Software CORBA-ORB</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">...........................................................................................6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.4 Interface Definition Language (IDL)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">.......................................................................7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bab III ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN................................................................................8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.1 Implementasi Pemrograman
Jaringan Menggunakan Middleware CORBA-ORB</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">...8</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.2 Implementasi Pemrograman......................................................................................9</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab IV PENUTUP</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">...................................................................................................................10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1
Kesimpulan..............................................................................................................10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA..............................................................................................................11<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">iii<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">I. PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">1.1 Latar belakang
masalah</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk membangun
sebuah aplikasi client server multi platform programming salah satu cara adalah
dengan memanfaatkan middleware. Middleware bias dijelaskan pada 2 tataran,
yaitu tataran konsep/paradigma dan tataran aplikasi pemrograman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada tataran konsep,
middleware digunakan sebagai jembatan atau penghubung dua aplikasi atau lebih
yang memiliki perbedaan, middleware kadang disebut sebagai plumbing karena
middleware digunakan untuk menghubungkan 2 bagian dari sebuah aplikasi dan
digunakan untuk melewatkan data diantara mereka. Pada tataran implementasi,
middleware adalah sebuah paket program instan yang digunakan untuk
menghubungkan dua program yang berbeda platforma atau produk/vendor. Beberapa
jenis middleware yang bisa digunakan untuk pemrograman adalah ORB, RPC, RMI,
DCE, dan MOM. Produk Middleware biasanya di pakai oleh sebuah arsitektur atau
framework pemrograman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">ORB (Object Request
Broker) dimiliki oleh arsitektur atau framework pemrograman CORBA (Common
Object Request Broker Architectur) dan JAVA, RMI (Remothe Method Invocation)
dimiliki oleh teknologi JAVA. Pada tulisan ini akan dijelaskan konsep dan
implementasi pemrograman middleware ORB pada framework CORBA, dengan kasus
client server berbeda platform pemrograman. Tulisan ini akan dibagi menjadi
beberapa bagian. Bagian berikutnya adalah bagian II akan membahas tentang
middleware-middleware yang bisa membangun aplikasi bisnis (EAI).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada bagian ini juga
akan dibahasa CORBA-ORB serta arsitektur frameworknya. Pembahasan tentang
konsep dan implementasi pemrograman dengan middleware ini akan dibahas pada
bagian III dan pada bagian IV akan dibahas tentang tinjauan kritis penggunaan
middleware dalam membangun aplikasi client server.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">BatasanMasalah</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan masalah
diatas maka ruang lingkup penulisan dibatasi pada pemanfaatan middleware ORB
(Object Request Broker)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">1.3 Tujuan Penulisan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pembuatan makalah ini
disusun untuk memberikan kemudahan dan pengetahuan tentang middleware
telematika. Memberikan pengetahuan lebih tentang konsep pemrograman jaringan
dengan memanfaatkan middleware ORB (Object Request Broker)<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">1.4 Metode Penelitian</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Beragai data yang
digunakan dalam penulisan ini diperoleh dari studi pustaka dengan mencari bahan
dasar sebagai acuan teori dan bahan dari beragai buku dan situs-situs
terpercaya pada internet serta beberapa referensi yang berhubungan dengan
permasalahan yang akan dibahas penulis.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.1 Middleware dan
Enterprise ApplicationIntegration</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Middleware adalah
sebuah aplikasi yang secara logic berada diantara lapisan aplikasi (application
layer) dan lapisan data dari sebuah arsitektur layer-layer TCP/IP . Middleware
bisa juga disebut protokol. Protokol komunikasi middleware mendukung layanan
komunikasi aras tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biasanya program
middleware menyediakan layanan pesan (messaging services) sehingga
aplikasi-aplikasi yang berbeda-beda itu dapat berkomunikasi. Sistem middleware
mengikat aplikasi-aplikasi yang terpisah. Penggunaannya dalam aplikasi bisnis
dikenal sebagai Enterprise Application Integration (EAI).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Middleware EAI
membuat penghubung antara aplikasi-aplikasi dalam berbagai cara, namun secara
umum cara ini diistilahkan sebagai transformasi dan routing data dan mengatur
aliran proses bisnis. Ada implikasi dalam hal ini bahwa aplikasi-aplikasi itu
ber ada dalam sebuah dunia heterogenitas – perbedaan platform operasi,
pemisahan model data dan penyimpan data, heterogenitas jaringan dan protocol
komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.2 Middleware ORB
dalam framework CORBA</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">CORBA (Common Object
Request Broker Architecture) adalah sebuah standar system terdistribusi yang
dikembangkan oleh OMG (Object Management Group), yaitu sebuah konsorsium yang
terdiri dari lebih dari 800 perusahaan untuk membantu dalam pemrograman
objek-objek terdistribusi. CORBA adalah sebuah cara bagi objekobjek untuk
melakukan interoperasi lintas jaringan. Sejak spesifikasi CORBA versi 1.2
diperkenalkan pada tahun 1991, CORBA memberikan sebuah mekanisme standar bagi
komunikasi antar objek lintas jaringan, kemudian spesifikasi CORBA tersebut
berkembang dengan diperkenalkannya CORBA 2.0 di tahun 1994 dan CORBA 3.0 yang
direlease tahun 2000. Hal yang penting untuk dicatat bahwa CORBA hanya sebuah
spesifikasi untuk membuat dan menggunakan objek-objek terdistribusi, CORBA
bukan sebuah produk atau bahasa pemrograman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Vendor-vendor yang
ingin membuat produk-produk yang mengikuti spesifikasi CORBA dapat bebas untuk
melakukannya. Tetapi yang perlu ditekankan/diyakinkan adalah bahwa vendor-vendor
tersebut mengikuti spesifikasi CORBA secara persis sama. Hal ini agar semua
produk yang dihasilkan vendor-vendor tersebut memiliki keselarasan dengan CORBA
(CORBA compliant), sehingga satu sama lain dapat berinteraksi. Hal lain yang
perlu diingat bahwa CORBA independen terhadap bahasa pemrograman selama
bahasa-bahasa pemrograman tersebut memiliki pemeta (mapping) dari bahasa
definisi interface dalam CORBA.<br />
<br />
CORBA merupakan sebuah spesifikasi middleware yang ideal untuk mendukung dan
mengaplikasikan sistem komputer terdistribusi. Arsitektur CORBA berbasis pada
model objek. Model ini berasal dari abstraksi inti model objek yang
didefinisikan oleh OMG dalam sebuah petunjuk OMA (Object Management
Architecture), yang dapat ditemukan dalam [2]. Beberapa hal penting yang perlu
dicatat bahwa CORBA berbeda dengan pemrograman objek serupa adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Objek-objek CORBA
dapatberjalandalamberbagai platform.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Objek-objek CORBA
ditempatkan di manapundalamjaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Objek-objek CORBA
dapat ditulis dalam beberapa bahasa pemrograman yang memiliki pemeta IDL (IDL
mapping).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bersifat open,
maksudnya bahwa CORBA bias dipakai oleh setiap orang yang ingin menggunakan
standarisasi CORBA ini. Sehingga akan muncul perbedaan-perbedaan dalam
menggunakannya, seperti perbedaan platform ataupun bahasa pemrograman. Tetapi
hal ini justru menjadi kelebihan CORBA bahwa CORBA mampu mengkomunikasikan
sistem yang memiliki perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">CORBA merupakan
sebuah arsitektur yang menyediakan sebuah framework crossplatform untuk
membangun dan mengembangkan sistem objek terdistribusi. Ide utama dibelakang
CORBA adalah sebuah perangkat lunak perantara (intermedier) atau disebut
middleware yang mengatur dan menyebarkan akses request ke sekumpulan data
tertentu. Perangkat lunak perantara ini adalah Middleware ORB (Object Request
Broker).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">ORB melakukan
interaksi dan membuat request ke berbagai macam objek. ORB ini terletak
diantara layer data dan layer aplikasi dalam susunan arsitektur jaringan 7
layer model OSI. ORB akan melakukan negosiasi antara pesan request dari objek
ke objek atau dari objek server ke sekumpulan data (data set). Tujuan CORBA
adalah untuk membuat pemrograman lebih mudah dengan membuat aplikasi berbasis
CORBA yang sangat portable. Untuk melihat lebih detail tentang arsitektur CORBA
dan ORB berada didalamnya, maka CORBA memiliki sebuah arsitektur yang disebut
OMA (Object Management Group).OMA mengelompokkan jenis-jenis interak si antar
program untuk memudahkan penyediaan dukungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
OMA melakukan strukturisasi dunia aplikasi ke dalam dua kelompok besar:
kategori layanan CORBA (CORBAservices) dan kategori fasilitas CORBA
(CORBAfacilities). Layanan CORBA menyediakan fungsi-fungsi dasar yang digunakan
oleh hampir setiap obyek dalam berbagai aplikasi. Fungsi-fungsi ini biasanya
bersifat generik dan tidak tergantung pada jenis domain aplikasi. Sebagai
contoh adalah layanan penamaan (naming service). Bayangkan bila memerlukan
sebuah layanan tapi tidak tahu kemana harus mencari server yang menyediakan
layanan tersebut. Layanan penamaan dapat membantu layaknya sebuah "halaman
kuning" (yellow pages) ; dia bisa menyiarkan direktori layanan yang
terdaftar padanya. Karena sifatnya yang generik, layanan penamaan dapat
digunakan oleh aplikasi dari berbaga i domain.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
Fasilitas CORBA menyediakan layanan pada level aplikasi. Ada dua jenis
fasilitas: horizontal, yang diperlukan oleh berbagai jenis domain (misalnya,
user-interface), dan vertikal, yang berlaku khusus untuk domain tertentu.
Fasilitas horizontal fungsinya mirip dengan layanan CORBA, tetapi beroperasi
pada level yang lebih tinggi karena berhubungan langsung dengan aspek
fungsional dari aplikasi. OMG secara terus-menerus melakukan standarisasi
terhadap interface untuk komponen-komponen di masing-masing kategori. Semakin
banyak layanan dan fasilitas yang distandarisasi, semakin mudah untuk mencapai
komputasi terdistribusi berbasis komponen dalam berbagai bidang secara plug-and
-play, tanpa terganggu oleh masalah heterogenitas.<b> </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.3 Software CORBA-ORB</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ada banyak software CORBA-ORB baik yang free dan
opensource maupun yang komersil. Yang akan digunakan disini adalah software ORB
dari Java yang disebut Java-ORB dan JAC-ORB dari Fu Berlin / Xtradine. Keduanya
berbasis Java. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Ketika masuk ke pemrograman secara teknis maka yang perlu diketahui adalah
sebuah bahasa interface yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan berbagai macam
aplikasi. Bahasa ini disebut Interface Definition Language (IDL). Untuk
mengenal tentang IDL maka berikut adalah pembahasan tentang IDL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.4 Interface Definition Language
(IDL)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">IDL merupakan inti untuk pembuatan aplikasi CORBA. IDL
memuat sekumpulan tipe variabel yang kemudian akan dipetakan ke berbagai bahasa
pemrograman. Suatu interface dalam CORBA menyediakan sebuah deskripsi
fungsi-fungsi yang disediakan untuk sebuah objek. Atribut, method dan parameter
adalah informasi-informasi yang dispesifikasi oleh sebuah interface. IDL adalah
sebuah bahasa yang menggambarkan objek-objek interface dalam sebuah aplikasi
CORBA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">IDL mendefinisikan tipe-tipe objeknya dengan
mendefinisikan interface-interfacenya. Sebuah interface terdiri dari sekumpulan
nama operasi dan parameter-parameter untuk operasi-operasi tersebut. Catatan
bahwa IDL hanya digunakan untuk menggambarkan interface, dan bukan sebuah
implementasi. IDL bukan pula bahasa pemrograman. Melalui IDL, sebuah
implementasi objek tertentu memberitahukan pada client tentang operasi-operasi
apa saja yang tersedia dan memberitahukan bagaimana cara untuk mengambilnya. Dengan
definisi IDL, objek-objek CORBA harus dipetakan ke beberapa bahasa pemrograman
yang akan digunakan untuk membangun aplikasi client dan juga server. Beberapa
bahasa pemrograman yang memiliki pemeta IDL (IDL mapping) adalah C, C++, Java,
Smalltalk, Lisp, Basic, Pascal dan Python. Setelah mendefinisikan sebuah
interface untuk objek-objek dalam IDL, programmer bebas untuk
mengimplementasikan objek-objek dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman yang
sesuai yang memiliki pemeta IDL. Sebagai sebuah protokol kompiler, IDL bisa
digambarkan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<b><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b></b></b></span></div>
<b><b><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline !important; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</b></b></b><b></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<b></b><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">III. ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.1 Implementasi Pemrograman
Jaringan Menggunakan Middleware CORBA-ORB</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
<br />
Untuk membangun aplikasinya ada beberapa langkah yang perlu diperhatikan dalam
hal pemrograman menggunakan middleware CORBA-ORB. Langkah-langkah itu adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Membuat rancangandananalisakebutuhan system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Men-download software yang akan digunakan (software
yang akan digunakan adalah Java-ORB dan JAC-ORB)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Coding atau melakukanlangkah-langkahteknispemrograman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk membangun pemrograman jaringan dengan Middleware
CORBA-ORB, maka perlu dianalisa terlebih dahulu hal-hal yang diperlukan sebelum
masuk ke langkah coding/pemrograman. Sesuai dengan tujuan yang ingin dibuat
adalah aplikasi yang melakukan koneksi melalui ORB, dan bias menunjukkan
aplikasi yang terpisah dan berbeda platform.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa ada 2 aplikasi yang jalan di dua platform
pemrograman yang berbeda. Platform yang akan digunakan adalah Java-ORB dan
Jac-ORB. 2 aplikasi tersebut juga akan diinstal pada platform sistem operasi
yang berbeda. Sistem operasi yang akan digunakan adalah Linux untuk Jac-ORB dan
Windows untuk Java-ORB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dua aplikasi itu pun berada pada mesin yang berbeda.
Disisi lain client pun akan menggunakan platform yang berbeda dengan
server-nya. Jika ingin mengakses Server Java-ORB, maka yang akan digunakan
adalah ORB Name Product Bhs Pemrogrmn Licence JAVA ORB SUN MicroSystem Java
Free VisiBroker Visigenic/Borland Java, C++, Delphi Evaluation JacORB Fu
Berlin/XTRADyneJava Free MICO Mico.org/GPL Soft. C++ Free ISP Rusian Univ C++
Free ORBacus IONA Java, C++ Free OMNIORB OMNI Java, C++ Evaluation VBORB Visual
Basic Free MTdORB Phyton Phyton Free. Aplikasi Client yang dibuat dengan
JAC-ORB. Sedangkan jika client ingin mengakses aplikasi yang ada di platform
JAC-ORB, maka akan digu nakan aplikasi client yang dibangun dengan Java-ORB.<br />
<br />
<b>3.2 Implementasi Pemrograman</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Beberapa langkah yang harus dilakukan untuk membangun
aplikasi sesuai dengan arsitektur diatas adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Membuatbahasadefinisi IDL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Membuataplikasi Server<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">MembuatAplikasi Client<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mengkompilasi semua class yang telahdibuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Contoh kasus ini adalah program jumlah() dan kurang()
untuk server Java-ORB dan program kali() dan bagi() untuk server JAC-ORB. Dua
file tersebut kemudian dikompilasi dengan menggunakan IDL Compiler yang
dimiliki oleh Java- ORB dan JAC-ORB.<br />
<br />
Langkah berikutnya membuat aplikasi server untuk kedua ORB yang digunakan. Dua
file server diatas sebelum diinstallkan di dua komputer server yang berbeda
terlebih dulu di kompilasi. Karena secara default Client tidak bsa mengakses
kedua server tersebut, maka langkah berikutnya adalah membuat aplikasi Client
dengan CORBA (JAVA-ORB dan JAC-ORB) sebagai Middleware. Setelah
CORBAdijalankan, Client dapat mengakses kedua server tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil akhir dari percobaan ini adalah terbukti bahwa
CORBA dapat menghubungkan server sebagai middleware yang berbeda platform
dengan client.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">9<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">4. PENUTUP</span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil penulisan makalah
ini yaitu : Middleware CORBA-ORB bisa membangun dua buah sistem untuk bisa
saling melakukan interoperasi. Kemudian Middleware CORBA-ORB juga sangat
membantu untuk pengembangan skala program aplikasi. Dan kesimpulan yang
terakhir Middleware CORBA-ORB dapat memudahkan untuk pengembangan tim
developer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hal yang sangat menarik dari pemrograman dengan
memanfaatkan middleware CORBA-ORB adalah isu tentang interoperasi, atau
diistilahkan interoperabilitas. Isu ini memandang 2 sistem berbeda yang ingin
melakukan komunikasi.Middleware CORBA-ORB bisa dijadikan suatu fasilitator
untuk melakukan interoperasi itu. Middle ware CORBA-ORB juga bisa digunakan
untuk penghubung dari banyak aplikasi yang berbeda platform bahasa pemrograman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Isu yang lain yang juga terlibat dalam pemrograman
middleware CORBA-ORB adalah masalah scalability. Isu ini dimaksudkan untuk
penambahan / perluasan skala pengembangan aplikasi. Untuk membuat aplikasi
jaringan client server tidak dibatasi dengan satu platform pemrograman saja
tetapi bias lebih luas lagi dengan berbagai platform pemrograman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Isu yang juga menarik adalah kemudahan pengembangan.
Dengan sistem terpisah-pisah secara fisik maupun logika, maka tim developer
bias dipecah-pecah secara mudah berdasarkan pemisahan itu. Ahli pemrograman
Java bisa concern dengan aplikasi Java, ahli pemrograman C++ bisa concern
dengan aplikasi C++, begitu juga programer Delphi dan lain-lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">10<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/middleware.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/middleware.html</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mahmoud H., Qusay , Distributed Programming With Java,
Manning, 2000.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">Somantri, Maman, Pemrograman Lintas Bahasa Pemrograman
dalam Arsitektur CORBA, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi, STTNAS
Yogyakarta, Juni 2005.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">SomantriMaman. Konsep pemograman Jaringan dengan
memanfaatkan jaringan Middleware ORB<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://patrisachi.blogspot.com/2012/01/konsep-pemrograman-jaringan-dengan.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://patrisachi.blogspot.com/2012/01/konsep-pemrograman-jaringan-dengan.html</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">11</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-45038109300031123902013-11-23T19:07:00.002-08:002013-11-23T19:08:52.027-08:00Proses komunitas java (Java Community Process JCP) (Pengantar Telematika)<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Java dikembangkan mengacu pada standar yang ditentukan oleh komite didalam JCP (Java Community Process). Spesifikasi
Java tidak sekedar fondasi VMnya, tetapi menyangkut hampir semua aspek,
mulai dari mekanisme mengakses devices I/O, komponen pertukaran objek,
sampai pengembangan container. JCP merupakan badan yang bertanggung
jawab terhadap standar teknologi Java.</b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Virtual Machine<br />
Sebuah
mesin virtual (VM) adalah sebuah perangkat lunak implementasi sebuah
mesin (misalnya komputer) yang melaksanakan program-program seperti
mesin fisik. Sebuah mesin virtual pada awalnya ditentukan oleh Popek dan
Goldberg sebagai "yang efisien, terisolasi duplikat dari mesin yang
nyata". Saat menggunakan mesin virtual yang mencakup tidak memiliki
surat-menyurat langsung ke perangkat keras yang nyata. <br />
Mesin virtual
dipisahkan ke dalam dua kategori utama, berdasarkan tingkat penggunaan
dan korespondensi untuk mesin nyata. Sebuah sistem mesin virtual yang
lengkap menyediakan platform sistem yang mendukung pelaksanaan lengkap
sistem operasi (OS). Sebaliknya, mesin virtual sebuah proses yang
dirancang untuk menjalankan sebuah program, yang berarti bahwa ia
mendukung satu proses. Karakteristik penting dari sebuah mesin virtual
yang berjalan di dalam perangkat lunak adalah terbatas pada sumber daya
dan abstraksi yang disediakan oleh mesin virtual tidak dapat keluar dari
dunia virtual. Contoh: Suatu program yang ditulis dalam Java
menerima jasa dari Java Runtime Environment (JRE) perangkat lunak dengan
mengeluarkan perintah untuk, dan menerima hasil yang diharapkan dari,
perangkat lunak Java. Dengan memberikan layanan ini untuk program
tersebut, perangkat lunak Java bertindak sebagai "mesin virtual",
menggantikan sistem operasi atau hardware untuk program yang biasanya
akan disesuaikan.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
• Sistem virtual machines <br />
Sistem mesin virtual
(kadang-kadang disebut mesin virtual hardware) memungkinkan pembagian
yang mendasari sumber daya mesin fisik antara mesin virtual yang
berbeda, masing-masing berjalan sendiri sistem operasi. Lapisan
perangkat lunak yang menyediakan virtualisasi ini disebut mesin virtual
monitor atau hypervisor. Sebuah hypervisor dapat berjalan di hardware
yang telanjang (Tipe 1 atau pribumi VM) atau di atas sistem operasi
(Tipe 2 atau host VM).</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Keuntungan utama dari sistem VMS adalah: <br />
• beberapa OS lingkungan dapat hidup berdampingan pada komputer yang sama, dalam isolasi kuat satu sama lain <br />
• mesin virtual dapat memberikan set instruksi arsitektur (ISA) yang agak berbeda dari mesin yang sebenarnya <br />
• aplikasi provisioning, pemeliharaan, tingkat ketersediaan dan pemulihan bencana <br />
Kerugian utama dari sistem VMS adalah: <br />
• mesin virtual kurang efisien daripada mesin nyata karena secara tidak langsung mengakses perangkat keras <br /> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Beberapa
VMS masing-masing berjalan sistem operasi mereka sendiri (yang disebut
sistem operasi tamu) yang sering digunakan di server konsolidasi, di
mana layanan yang berbeda yang digunakan untuk menjalankan mesin
individu untuk menghindari gangguan yang terpisah, bukan berjalan di VMS
pada mesin fisik yang sama. Penggunaan ini sering disebut-kualitas dari
layanan-isolasi (QoS isolasi). Keinginan untuk menjalankan beberapa
sistem operasi adalah motivasi asli untuk mesin virtual, seperti
time-sharing memungkinkan satu komputer di antara beberapa
single-tasking OS. Teknik ini memerlukan proses untuk berbagi sumber
daya CPU antara sistem operasi tamu dan memori virtualisasi untuk
berbagi memori pada host. OS tamu tidak harus sama, sehingga
memungkinkan untuk menjalankan OS yang berbeda pada komputer yang sama
(misalnya, Microsoft Windows dan Linux, atau versi lama dari sistem
operasi untuk mendukung perangkat lunak yang belum porting ke versi
terbaru). Penggunaan mesin virtual untuk mendukung OS tamu yang berbeda
menjadi populer di embedded system; tipikal digunakan adalah untuk
mendukung real-time sistem operasi pada saat yang sama sebagai OS
tingkat tinggi seperti Linux atau Windows. Penggunaan lainnya adalah
untuk sandbox sebuah OS yang tidak dipercaya, mungkin karena itu adalah
sebuah sistem dalam pengembangan. Mesin virtual memiliki keuntungan
untuk OS lain pembangunan, termasuk akses debugging yang lebih baik dan
lebih cepat reboot. Teknik alternatif seperti Solaris Zones
menyediakan tingkat isolasi dalam satu sistem operasi. Ini tidak
memiliki isolasi selengkap sebagai VM. Sebuah kernel mengeksploitasi
dalam suatu sistem dengan beberapa zona akan mempengaruhi semua zona.
Mencapai tujuan yang sama dalam implementasi mesin virtual akan
membutuhkan mengeksploitasi kelemahan dalam hypervisor. Sebuah
hypervisor biasanya memiliki lebih kecil "serangan permukaan" dari
sebuah sistem operasi yang lengkap, membuat ini lebih menantang. Lebih
lanjut, sebuah kernel mengeksploitasi tamu di VM tidak akan mempengaruhi
VMS lain pada host, seperti gangguan yang sukses menjadi satu zona
belum tentu mempengaruhi zona lain. Zona tidak mesin virtual, tetapi
contoh "virtualisasi sistem operasi". Ini termasuk lain "lingkungan
virtual" (juga disebut "virtual server") seperti Virtuozzo, FreeBSD
penjara, Linux-VServer, chroot penjara, dan OpenVZ. Ini memberikan
beberapa bentuk rangkuman proses dalam sebuah sistem operasi. Teknologi
ini memiliki keunggulan sumber daya yang lebih efisien daripada
virtualisasi penuh dan memiliki lebih baik observability menjadi
beberapa tamu secara simultan; yang merugikan adalah bahwa, pada
umumnya, mereka hanya dapat menjalankan satu sistem operasi dan satu
versi / patch tingkat sistem operasi bahwa -- jadi, misalnya, mereka
tidak dapat digunakan untuk menjalankan dua aplikasi, salah satu yang
hanya mendukung versi OS yang lebih baru dan yang lain hanya mendukung
versi OS yang lebih lama pada hardware yang sama. However, Sun
Microsystems has enhanced Solaris Zones to allow some zones to behave
like Solaris 8 or Solaris 9 systems by adding a system call translator.
Namun, Sun Microsystems telah meningkatkan Solaris Zones untuk
memungkinkan beberapa zona untuk berperilaku seperti Solaris 8 atau
Solaris 9 sistem dengan menambahkan system call penerjemah. </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
• Proses mesin virtual <br />
Sebuah
proses VM, kadang-kadang disebut aplikasi mesin virtual, berjalan
sebagai aplikasi biasa di dalam sebuah OS dan mendukung proses tunggal.
Hal ini tercipta ketika proses itu dimulai dan hancur ketika keluar.
Tujuannya adalah untuk menyediakan sebuah platform-independen lingkungan
pemrograman yang abstrak pergi rincian perangkat keras yang
mendasarinya atau sistem operasi, dan memungkinkan sebuah program untuk
mengeksekusi dengan cara yang sama pada platform apapun. <br />
Sebuah
proses VM memberikan abstraksi tingkat tinggi - yaitu yang tinggi
tingkat bahasa pemrograman (dibandingkan dengan tingkat rendah ISA
abstraksi dari sistem VM). VMS proses diimplementasikan menggunakan
interpreter; kinerja yang sebanding dengan bahasa pemrograman
terkompilasi dicapai dengan menggunakan just-in-time compilation .<br />
Jenis
VM ini telah menjadi populer dengan bahasa pemrograman Java, yang
diimplementasikan menggunakan mesin virtual Java. Contoh lain termasuk
Bayan mesin virtual, yang berfungsi sebagai lapisan abstraksi selama
beberapa ditafsirkan lanugages, dan. NET Framework, yang berjalan pada
sebuah VM yang disebut Common Language Runtime. <br />
Suatu kasus khusus
VMS adalah proses sistem yang abstrak atas mekanisme komunikasi yang
(berpotensi heterogen) komputer cluster. Seperti VM tidak terdiri dari
sebuah proses tunggal, tetapi satu proses per mesin fisik di cluster.
Mereka dirancang untuk memudahkan tugas pemrograman aplikasi paralel
dengan membiarkan programmer fokus pada algoritma daripada mekanisme
komunikasi yang disediakan oleh interkoneksi dan OS. Mereka tidak
menyembunyikan fakta bahwa terjadi komunikasi, dan dengan demikian tidak
berusaha untuk menyajikan cluster sebagai satu mesin paralel. <br />
Tidak
seperti proses lain VMS, sistem ini tidak menyediakan bahasa
pemrograman tertentu, tetapi tertanam dalam bahasa yang ada; biasanya
sistem seperti menyediakan binding untuk beberapa bahasa (misalnya, C
dan FORTRAN). Examples are PVM ( Parallel Virtual Machine ) and MPI (
Message Passing Interface ). Contohnya adalah PVM (Paralel Virtual
Machine) dan MPI (Message Passing Interface). Mereka tidak ketat mesin
virtual, sebagai aplikasi yang berjalan di atas masih memiliki akses ke
semua layanan OS, dan karena itu tidak terbatas pada model sistem yang
disediakan oleh "VM". </b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>APIs<br />
Sebuah
application programming interface (API) adalah antarmuka bahwa sebuah
program perangkat lunak alat untuk memungkinkan perangkat lunak lain
untuk berinteraksi dengan itu, banyak cara yang sama seperti perangkat
lunak mungkin akan mengimplementasikan antarmuka pengguna untuk
memungkinkan manusia untuk menggunakannya. API dilaksanakan oleh
aplikasi, perpustakaan dan sistem operasi untuk menentukan bagaimana
perangkat lunak lain dapat membuat panggilan ke atau layanan permintaan
dari mereka. Sebuah API menentukan kosa kata dan konvensi memanggil para
pemrogram harus mempekerjakan untuk menggunakan layanan . Ini mungkin
termasuk spesifikasi untuk rutinitas, struktur data, kelas objek, dan
protokol yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi antara konsumen dan
pelaksana API.<br />
• Fitur <br />
API adalah sebuah abstraksi. Perangkat
lunak yang menyediakan fungsionalitas yang dijelaskan oleh API dikatakan
sebuah implementasi dari API. <br />
API dapat: <br />
• Tergantung pada
bahasa, yaitu hanya tersedia dalam bahasa pemrograman tertentu, dengan
menggunakan sintaks dan unsur-unsur bahasa itu untuk membuat API nyaman
untuk digunakan dalam konteks ini. <br />
• Bahasa-independen, yaitu
ditulis dengan cara yang berarti dapat dipanggil dari beberapa bahasa
pemrograman. Ini adalah fitur yang diinginkan untuk layanan-gaya API
yang tidak terikat pada suatu proses atau sistem dan dapat diberikan
sebagai remote procedure calls atau layanan web. <br />
Sebagai contoh,
sebuah website yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk memeriksa restoran lokal
mampu lapisan tinjauan di atas peta mereka diambil dari Google Maps,
karena Google Maps API yang memiliki memungkinkan hal ituGoogle Maps
'API mengontrol informasi apa pihak ketiga situs bisa ambil, dan apa
yang bisa dilakukan dengan itu. <br />
"API" dapat digunakan untuk mengacu
ke antarmuka lengkap, satu fungsi, atau bahkan satu set berbagai API
yang disediakan oleh sebuah organisasi. Dengan demikian, cakupan makna
biasanya ditentukan oleh orang atau dokumen yang mengkomunikasikan
informasi. <br />
• Web API <br />
Ketika digunakan dalam konteks pengembangan
web, biasanya sebuah API yang didefinisikan set Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) pesan permintaan bersama dengan definisi respon struktur
pesan, biasanya dinyatakan dalam sebuah Sementara "Web API" secara
virtual sinonim untuk layanan web, tren baru-baru ini (yang disebut Web
2.0) telah bergerak jauh dari Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
layanan berbasis lebih langsung terhadap Negara Representasi Transfer
(REST) gaya komunikasi. Web API memungkinkan kombinasi dari berbagai
layanan ke aplikasi baru yang dikenal sebagai mashup. <br />
• Implementasi <br />
POSIX
standard mendefinisikan sebuah API yang memungkinkan berbagai fungsi
komputasi umum harus ditulis sedemikian rupa sehingga mereka dapat
beroperasi pada banyak sistem yang berbeda (Mac OS X dan berbagai
Berkeley Software Distribusi (BSD) mengimplementasikan interface ini),
namun, dengan menggunakan ini memerlukan kompilasi ulang untuk setiap
platform. API yang kompatibel, di sisi lain, memungkinkan dikompilasi
kode obyek untuk berfungsi tanpa perubahan apapun, pada pelaksanaan
sistem apapun yang API. Hal ini menguntungkan kedua penyedia perangkat
lunak (di mana mereka dapat mendistribusikan perangkat lunak yang ada
pada sistem baru tanpa memproduksi / mendistribusikan upgrade) dan
pengguna (di mana mereka mungkin lebih tua menginstal perangkat lunak
pada sistem baru mereka tanpa membeli upgrade), meskipun hal ini
memerlukan berbagai perangkat lunak secara umum pelaksanaan perpustakaan
API diperlukan juga. <br />
Microsoft telah menunjukkan komitmen untuk API
yang kompatibel ke belakang, terutama di dalam Windows API (Win32)
perpustakaan, seperti aplikasi yang lebih tua dapat berjalan di Windows
versi yang lebih baru menggunakan pengaturan khusus eksekusi yang
disebut "Compatibility Mode" . Apple Inc telah menunjukkan kecenderungan
yang kurang perhatian ini, memecah kompatibilitas atau
mengimplementasikan dalam sebuah API yang lebih lambat "mode emulasi";
ini memungkinkan kebebasan lebih besar dalam pembangunan, pada biaya
pembuatan perangkat lunak yang lebih tua usang. <br />
Antara Unix-seperti
sistem operasi, ada banyak terkait tetapi tidak sesuai sistem operasi
berjalan pada platform hardware yang umum (khususnya Intel 80386 sistem
yang kompatibel). Sudah ada beberapa usaha untuk standarisasi API vendor
perangkat lunak sehingga dapat mendistribusikan satu aplikasi binari
untuk semua sistem ini, namun sampai saat ini, tidak satu pun telah
bertemu dengan banyak keberhasilan. Linux Standard Base adalah berusaha
untuk melakukan hal ini untuk Linux platform, sementara banyak dari
beragam Unix BSD (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD) menerapkan berbagai tingkat
kompatibilitas API untuk kedua backward compatibility (memungkinkan
program yang ditulis untuk versi lama untuk berjalan di distribusi baru
sistem) dan lintas-platform kompatibilitas (memungkinkan eksekusi kode
asing tanpa mengkompilasi ulang). </b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Sumber :</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
http://bhobob.blogspot.com/2012/12/proses-komunitas-java-java-community.html</b></span></span>Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-21134373323585813082013-11-23T18:59:00.001-08:002013-11-23T18:59:18.574-08:00Kolaborasi Antar muka Otomotif Multimedia-(Automotive Multimedia Interface Colaboration - AMI-C) (Pengantar Telematika)<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Arsitektur Kolaborasi Antarmuka Otomotif Multimedia</b></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
Pengertian dari Kolaborasi Antar muka Otomotif Multimedia adalah
sebuah kelompok yang dibuat oleh pembuat untuk menciptakan standar umum
yang digunakan untuk mengatur bagaimana cara kerja perangkat elektronik,
seperti komputer dan hiburan unit, berkomunikasi dengan kendaraan. <i>Automotive Multimedia Interface Collaboration</i>
(AMIC) mengatakan akan menjadi tuan rumah tiga update internasional
briefing untuk menjadi pemasok otomotif, komputer dan teknologi tinggi
industri elektronik. Briefing akan diadakan 23 Februari di Frankfurt,
Jerman; Februari 29 di Tokyo; dan Maret 9 di Detroit.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
“AMIC telah membuat suatu kemajuan yang signifikan dalam satu tahun
terakhir ini dalam menyelesaikan struktur organisasi dan mencapai
kesepakatan mengenai persyaratan yang diperlukan untuk hardware dan
software baik di masa depan mobil dan truk,” Juru bicara AMIC Dave Acton
berkata, “Dan sekarang sudah saatnya bagi kita untuk bertemu dengan
pemasok dan mereka yang tertarik untuk menjadi pemasok untuk memastikan
kami pindah ke tahap berikutnya pembangunan kita bersama-sama”. Acton
menekankan bahwa AMIC terbuka untuk semua pemasok yang tertarik bisnis
elektronik. AMIC dibentuk pada bulan September l998 dan saat ini
dipimpin oleh 12 produsen otomotif dan anak perusahaan yang meliputi:
BMW, Daimler-Chrysler, Ford, Fiat, General Motors, Honda, Mitsubishi,
Nissan, PSA / Peugeot-Citroen, Renault, Toyota, dan VW. Seorang juru
bicara mengatakan kelompok AMIC berencana untuk mendirikan sebuah kantor
di San Francisco di masa depan.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span>Fungsional Kolaborasi & Struktural Antar muka Otomotif
Multimedia</b></span></span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
AMI-C mengembangkan dan standarisasi yang umum multimedia dan
telematika otomotif antarmuka untuk kendaraan jaringan komunikasi.
Tujuan dari kolaborasi antar mukaotomotif multimedia antar lain:</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>-Menyediakan interface standar untuk memungkinkan pengendara mobil
untuk menggunakan berbagai media, komputer dan perangkat komunikasi –
dari sistem navigasi dan hands-free telepon selular, melalui manusia
maju / mesin sistem antarmuka, termasuk pengenalan suara dan sintesis,
untuk dipersembahkan komunikasi jarak dekat ( DSRC) sistem untuk
kendaraan untuk infrastruktur komunikasi dan sistem mobil seperti
airbag, pintu kunci dan diagnostik input / output</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>-Meningkatkan pilihan dan mengurangi keusangan sistem elektronik kendaraan</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>-Memotong biaya keseluruhan informasi kendaraan dan peralatan hiburan
dengan meningkatkan ukuran pasar yang efektif dan memperpendek waktu
pengembangan – industri otomotif efektif terdiri dari banyak pasar yang
kecil karena setiap platform kendaraan sering mengandung berbagai
adat-mengembangkan komponen dan platform yang khas hanya sekitar 50.000
unit</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>-Menawarkan standar terbuka dan spesifikasi untuk informasi interface dalamkendaraan dan antara kendaraan dan dunia luar</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Fungsional Kolaborasi Antarmuka Otomotif Multimedia
Telematika,sebelumnya menjelaskan pengertian dari kata-kata tersebut
agar lebih jelas dan mudah dipahami.<br /></b></span></span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
Sebuah organisasi yang dibentuk untuk menciptakan standarisasi dunia
yang digunakan dalam mengatur bagaimana sebuah perangkat elektronik
dapat bekerja disebut Kolaborasi Antar muka Otomotif Multimedia.<br /><br />The
Automotive Multimedia Interface Kolaborasi (AMIC) didirikan pada
Oktober 1998 dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan serangkaian spesifikasi
umum untuk multimedia interface ke sistem elektronik kendaraan bermotor
untuk mengakomodasi berbagai berbasis komputer perangkat elektronik di
dalam kendaraan. Inisiatif ini-yang pendiri Daimler-Chrysler, Ford,
General Motors, Renault dan Toyota – sekarang kelompok semua auto utama
pembuat, dan dengan demikian menyediakan kesempatan strategis baru untuk
mencapai suatu set umum industri mobil.<br /><br />Automotive Multimedia
Interface Collaboration (AMI-C) sudah memiliki anggota : Fiat, Ford,
General Motors, Honda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, PSA Peugeot-Citroen, Renault.
AMI-C mengembangkan dan men-standarisasi antarmuka multimedia dan
telematika otomotif yang umum untuk jaringan komunikasi kendaraan.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
Selanjutnya pembahasan dari tujuan dan fungsional kolaborasi antarmuka otomotif multimedia telematika :<br /> <br />Dapat
menyediakan interface standar untuk memungkinkan pengendara mobil untuk
menggunakan berbagai media, komputer dan perangkat komunikasi - dari
sistem navigasi dan hands-free telepon selular, melalui manusia maju /
mesin sistem antarmuka, termasuk pengenalan suara dan sintesis, untuk
dipersembahkan komunikasi jarak dekat ( DSRC) sistem untuk kendaraan
untuk infrastruktur komunikasi dan sistem mobil seperti airbag, pintu
kunci dan diagnostik input / output. Dapat meningkatkan pilihan dan mengurangi keusangan sistem elektronik kendaraan. Dapat
memotong biaya keseluruhan informasi kendaraan dan peralatan hiburan
dengan meningkatkan ukuran pasar yang efektif dan memperpendek waktu
pengembangan - industri otomotif efektif terdiri dari banyak pasar yang
kecil karena setiap platform kendaraan sering mengandung berbagai
adat-mengembangkan komponen dan platform yang khas hanya sekitar 50.000
unit. <br />Dapat menawarkan standar terbuka dan spesifikasi untuk informasi interface dalam kendaraan dan antara kendaraan dan dunia luar. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa seluruh kemajuan teknologi pada setiap bidang ditujukan untuk mempermudah para penggunanya.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sumber:</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://frometoyouforshared.blogspot.com/2013/11/pengantar-telematika-tulisan-8.html</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://twentynineforaugust.blogspot.com/2013/01/fungsional-kolaborasi-antarmuka.html</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-84601497721808360912013-11-23T18:27:00.001-08:002013-11-23T18:27:12.549-08:00Open Services Gateway Initiative (OSGi) (Pengantar Telematika)<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>OSGI adalah konsorsium yang didirikan oleh Ericsson, IBM, Oracle, dan Sun. OSGI dikenal juga sebagai <i>Dynamic Module System</i> untuk java. OSGI merupakan <i>framework</i> untuk mengumpulkan komponen (<i>bundle)</i> fungsional dalam membuat suatu program. </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>OSGI menyediakan <i>services</i> seperti manajemen dalam siklus hidup suatu program dan<i>security</i>-nya. Beberapa OSGI yang <i>open source</i> :</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>a. Equinox</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>b. Knoplerfish</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>c. Apache felix</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Implementasi dari OSGI adalah membolehkan pengembang aplikasi untuk
memecah aplikasi menjadi beberapa modul yang saling tergantung (<i>interdependencies</i>). Dengan begitu, aplikasi lebih mudah untuk diatur.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Alasan kunci teknologi OSGi saat ini begitu sukses adalah bahwa ia
menyediakan komponen yang sangat dewasa sistem yang benar-benar bekerja
dalam jumlah yang mengejutkan lingkungan. Sebuah sistem komponen yang
benar-benar digunakan untuk membangun aplikasi yang sangat kompleks
seperti IDE (Eclipse), aplikasi server (GlassFish, IBM Websphere, Oracle
/ BEA Weblogic, Jonas, JBoss), penerapan kerangka kerja (Spring,
Guice), otomasi industri, perumahan gateway, telepon, dan banyak lagi.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> Spesifikasi:<br /> OSGI spesifikasi yang dikembangkan oleh para
anggota dalam proses terbuka dan tersedia untuk umum secara gratis di
bawah Lisensi Spesifikasi OSGi. OSGi Alliance yang memiliki kepatuhan
program yang hanya terbuka untuk anggota. Pada Oktober 2009, daftar
bersertifikat OSGi implementasi berisi lima entri.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Arsitektur: </b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div align="left">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Setiap kerangka yang menerapkan standar <i>OSGi</i> menyediakan
suatu lingkungan untuk modularisasi aplikasi ke dalam kumpulan yang
lebih kecil. Setiap bundel adalah erat-coupled, dynamically loadable
kelas koleksi, botol, dan file-file konfigurasi yang secara eksplisit
menyatakan dependensi eksternal mereka (jika ada). Kerangka kerja
konseptual yang dibagi dalam bidang-bidang berikut:</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ol start="1">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bundles<br /> Bundles adalah normal jar komponen dengan nyata tambahan header</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Services<br /> Layanan yang menghubungkan lapisan bundel dalam cara
yang dinamis dengan menawarkan menerbitkan-menemukan-model mengikat Jawa
lama untuk menikmati objek (POJO).</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Services<br /> API untuk jasa manajemen (ServiceRegistration, ServiceTracker dan ServiceReference).</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Life-Cycle<br /> API untuk manajemen siklus hidup untuk (instal, start, stop, update, dan uninstall) bundel.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Modules<br /> Lapisan yang mendefinisikan enkapsulasi dan deklarasi
dependensi (bagaimana sebuah bungkusan dapat mengimpor dan mengekspor
kode).</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Security<br /> Layer yang menangani aspek keamanan dengan membatasi fungsionalitas bundel untuk pra-didefinisikan kemampuan.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Execution Environment<br /> Mendefinisikan metode dan kelas apa yang
tersedia dalam platform tertentuTidak ada daftar tetap eksekusi
lingkungan, karena dapat berubah sebagai Java Community Process
menciptakan versi baru dan edisi Jawa. Namun, set berikut saat ini
didukung oleh sebagian besar OSGi implementasi:<br /> • CDC-1.1/Foundation-1.1 CDC-1.1/Foundation-1.1<br /> • OSGi/Minimum-1.0 OSGi/Minimum-1.0<br /> • OSGi/Minimum-1.1 OSGi/Minimum-1.1<br /> • JRE-1.1 JRE-1.1<br /> • From J2SE-1.2 up to J2SE-1.6 Dari J2SE-1.2 hingga J2SE-1,6<br /> • CDC-1.0/Foundation-1.0 CDC-1.0/Foundation-1.0</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pada saat ini, teknologi OSGi sudah sangat banyak diimplementasikan
untuk berbagai macam keperluan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari diantaranya
di bidang teknologi informasi dan industri serta di bidang ilmu
komputer.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Diimplementasikan untuk
mengendalikan alat-alat elektronik dalam rumah tangga dengan internet,
yaitu dengan menghubungkan berbagai framework OSGi ini untuk
mengendalikan alat-alat rumah tangga yang bersifat elektronik. Hal ini
dilakukan dengan berbagai protocol network yaitu Bluetooth, uPnP,HAVi,
dan X10. Dengan bantuan Jini dan standart OSGi dari sun microsystem
yaitu Java Embedded Server. Teknologi ini dinamakan home network dan
Jini adalah salah satu standard untuk pembuatan home network yang
berbasis Java.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Teknologi dan industri. Dalam hal ini implementasi OSGi dalam
teknologi dan industri adalah untuk otomatisasi industri. Seperti
otomatisnya sistem dalam gudang yang dapat meminta dalam PPIC untuk
mengadakan bahan baku, dan masih banyak yang lain.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ilmu Komputer. Dalam ilmu komputer ini sangat banyak
pengembang yang memanfaatkan teknologi OSGi ini. Dari surfing di
internet banyak yang mengulas tentang pemrograman Java yang mengapdopsi
teknologi OSGi ini. Salah satu contoh adalah knopflerfish merupakan
framework untuk mengimplementasikan OSGi didalam program Java. Dan juga
eclipse IDE merupakan OSGi framework yang dikembangkan oleh eclipse dan
berbasis GUI. Dan masih banyak juga dalam server serta program lain yang
mengimplementasikan teknologi OSGi ini.</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sumber:</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://www.ekowahyudi.com/2010/01/osgi-open-service-gateway-initiative.html</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2009/12/open-service-gateway-intiative-osgi/</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> http://pandusantoso.com/mengenal-osgi-dan-implementasinya-dalam-kehidupan-sehari-hari/</b></span></span><br />
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-5912013640099341602013-11-14T16:41:00.000-08:002013-11-14T16:41:17.088-08:00Manajemen Data Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Manajemen Data Telematika:</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menurut
DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access), Manajemen Data adalah
pengembangan dan penerapan arsitektur, kebijakan, praktik, dan prosedur
yang secara benar menangani siklus hidup lengkap data yang dibutuhkan
oleh suatu perusahaan. Jadi, Manajemen data telematika merupakan
prosedur yang menangani siklus hidup lengkap data yang dibutuhkan oleh
perusahaan dengan bantuan telematika.<br />Manajemen Data pada telematika terdiri dari :</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />1. Manajemen Data Sisi Klien<br /> Manajemen Data yang terjadi pada sisi klien dapat kita pahami pada DBMS dibawah ini.<br />- Mobile DBMS (Embedded/Ultra tiny/Java Database)<br />Merupakan
suatu DBMS yang terdapat pada peralatan bergerak (mobile device).
mobile DBMS adalah versi khusus dari sebuah departemen atau perusahaan
DBMS. Ini dirancang untuk digunakan dengan remote pengguna yang biasanya
tidak terhubung ke jaringan. DBMS memungkinkan mobile akses database
lokal dan modifikasi pada laptop atau perangkat genggam, seperti PDA
atau PocketPC Palm. Selanjutnya, mobile DBMS menyediakan mekanisme untuk
sinkronisasi perubahan basis data jauh terpusat, perusahaan atau
departemen server database.<br /><br /><br />2. Manajemen Data Sisi Server<br /> Manajemen Data yang terjadi pada sisi server dapat kita pahami pada versi DBMS dibawah ini.<br />- MODBMS (Moving Object DBMS)<br />
MODBMS (Memindahkan Obyek DBMS) adalah sebuah DBMS yang menyimpan dan
mengelola informasi lokasi serta dinamis lainnya informasi tentang
obyek bergerak. MODBMS memungkinkan seseorang untuk mewakili benda-benda
bergerak dalam database dan untuk menanyakan pertanyaan tentang gerakan
tersebut. Daerah MODBMS merupakan bidang yang belum dijelajahi relatif
terhadap RDBMS atau DBMS Spasial di mana beberapa karya yang telah
dilakukan dalam standarisasi dan komersialisasi. Ada beberapa penelitian
prototipe untuk MODBMS seperti DOMINO tetapi hanya sedikit produk
MODBMS komersial. Memindahkan objek dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam
bergerak poin dan bergerak daerah. Memindahkan objek hanya relevan
tergantung waktu posisi dalam ruang. Mereka bisa mobil, truk, pesawat
terbang, kapal atau ponsel pengguna. Pindah daerah objek bergerak dengan
rupa seperti badai, hutan file, tumpahan minyak, wabah penyakit, dan
sebagainya. Pindah daerah berubah posisi dan geometri objek dengan waktu
sambil bergerak poin hanya berubah posisi benda.<br /><br />PENGERTIAN CLIENT-SERVER <br />Client/Server
dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan komputer untuk meminta layanan
request data kepada komputer lain. Komputer yang meminta layanan disebut
sebagai client, sedangkan yang menyediakan layanan disebut sebagai
server.<br />Pengertian lain, client melakukan permintaan suatu informasi
atau mengirim perintah ke server. Server akan menerima permintaan dan
perintah client. Kemudian server akan memproses memproses berdasarkan
permintaan tersebut, dan mengembalikan kepada client sebagai hasil
pemrosesan yang sudah dilakukan. Service Request adalah permintaan dari
client baik berupa permintaan data maupun perintah ke server.<br /><br />Service Response berupa balasan dari server atas permintaan dari client berupa hasil proses.<br />Data
yang diminta oleh client dapat diambil dari database pada sisi server
yang sering disebut database server, seperti MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle,
atau SQL Server.<br /><br />KARAKTERISTIK CLIENT SERVER<br /><br /> Client
dan Server merupakan item proses (logika) terpisah yang bekerja sama
pada suatu jaringan komputer untuk mengerjakan suatu tugas<br /> Service : Menyediakan layanan terpisah yang berbeda<br /> Shared resource : Server dapat melayani beberapa client pada saat yang sama dan mengatur pengaksesan resource<br />
Asymmetrical Protocol : antara client dan server merupakan hubungan
one-to-many. Client memulai komunikasi dengan mengirim request ke
server. Server menunggu permintaan dari client. Kondisi tersebut juga
memungkinkan komunikasi callback.<br /> Transparency Location : proses
server dapat ditempatkan pada mesin yang sama atau terpisah dengan
proses client. Client/server akan menyembunyikan lokasi server dari
client.<br /> Mix-and-match : tidak tergantung pada platform<br /> Message-based-exchange : antara client dan server berkomunikasi dengan mekanisme pertukaran message.<br /> Encapsulation of service : message memberitahu server apa yang akan dikerjakan<br /> Scalability : sistem C/S dapat dimekarkan baik vertikal maupun horisontal<br /> Integrity : kode dan data server diatur secara terpusat, sedangkan pada client tetap pada komputer tersendiri.<br /><br /> Karakteristik Server<br /><br />- Pasif<br />- Menunggu request<br />- Menerima request, memproses mereka dan mengirimkan balasan berupa service<br /><br /> Karakteristik Client<br /><br />- Aktif<br />- Mengirim request<br />- Menunggu dan menerima balasan dari server<br /><br />KEUNTUNGAN CLIENT-SERVER<br /><br /> Client-server mampu menciptakan aturan dan kewajiban komputasi secara terdistribusi.<br /> Mudah dalam maintenance. Memungkinkan untuk mengganti, memperbaiki server tanpa mengganggu client.<br />
Semua data disimpan di server. Server dapat mengkontrol akses
terhadap resources, hanya yang memiliki autorisasi saja.Tempat
penyimpanan terpusat, update data mudah. Pada peer-to-peer, update data
sulit<br /> Mendukung banyak clients berbeda dan kemampuan yang berbeda pula.<br /><br />KELEMAHAN CLIENT-SERVER <br /><br /> Traffic congestion on the network, jika banyak client mengakses ke server secara simultan, maka server akan overload.<br />
Berbeda dengan P2P network, dimana bandwidthnya meningkat jika
banyak client merequest. Karena bandwidth berasal dari semua komputer
yang terkoneksi kepadanya.<br /> Pada client-server, ada kemungkinan server fail.<br />
Pada P2P networks, resources biasanya didistribusikan ke beberapa
node sehingga masih ada node yang dapat meresponse request.<br /><br />ARSITEKTUR CLIENT/SERVER<br />Menggunakan LAN untuk mendukung jaringan PC. Masing-masing PC memiliki penyimpan tersendiri. Berbagi hardware atau software :<br /><br />ARSITEKTUR FILE SERVER<br /><br /> Model pertama Client/Server<br /> Semua pemrosesan dilakukan pada sisi workstation<br /> Satu atau beberapa server terhubungkan dalam jaringan<br />
Server bertindak sebagai file serverFile server bertindak sebagai
pengelola file dan memungkinkan klien mengakses file tersebut.<br /> Setiap klien dilengkapi DBMS tersendiri<br /> DBMS berinteraksi dengan data yang tersimpan dalam bentuk file pada server<br /> Aktivitas pada klien:<br /> - Meminta data<br /> - Meminta penguncian data<br /> Tanggapan dari klien :<br /> - Memberikan data<br /> - Mengunci data dan memberikan statusnya <br /><br /><br />BATASAN FILE SERVER<br />
Beban jaringan tinggi karena tabel yang diminta akan diserahkan
oleh file server ke klien melalui jaringan Setiap klien harus memasang
DBMS sehingga mengurangi memori. Klien harus mempunyai kemampuan proses
tinggi untuk mendapatkan response time yang bagus. Salinan DBMS pada
setiap klien harus menjaga integritas databasse yang dipakai secara
bersama-sama. Tanggung jawab diserahkan kepada programmer.<br /><br />ARSITEKTUR DATABASE SERVER<br /><br />
Klien bertanggung jawab dalam mengelola antar muka pemakai (mencakup
logika penyajian data, logika pemrosesan data, logika aturan bisnis).<br /> Database server bertanggung jawab pada penyimpanan, pengaksesan, dan pemrosesan database.<br /> Database serverlah yang dituntut memiliki kemampuan pemrosesan yang tinggi<br /> Beban jaringan menjadi berkurang<br /> Otentikasi pemakai, pemeriksaan integrasi, pemeliharaan data dictionary dilakukan pada database server<br /> Database server merupakan implementasi dari two-tier architecture<br /><br />APPLICATION ARCHITECTURES<br /><br />Two-tier architecture<br />Contoh Two-Tier Architecture :<br /><br /> Contoh aplikasi berbasis Web<br /><br />Three-tier architecture<br />Contoh - program klien menggunakan ODBC/JDBC untuk berkomunikasi dengan database Three-tier architecture.<br />Arsitektur Three-Tier<br />Melibatkan lapisan server yang lain selain lapisan database server.<br />Beberapa Keuntungan Arsitektur Three-Tier :<br /><br /> Keluwesan teknologi<br /> Mudah untuk mengubah DBMS engine<br /> Memungkinkan pula middle tier ke platform yang berbeda<br /> Biaya jangka panjang yang rendah<br /> Perubahan-perubahan cukup dilakukan pada middle tier daripada pada aplikasi keseluruhan<br /> Keunggulan kompetitif<br />
Kemampuan untuk bereaksi thd perubahan bisnis dengan cepat, dengan
cara mengubah modul kode daripada mengubah keseluruhan aplikasi<br /><br />Aplikasi Web dapat dibagi menjadi 2 macam:<br /><br /> Web Statis<br /> Web Dinamis<br /><br />Teknologi Web<br />Teknologi untuk membentuk aplikasi Web yang dinamis :<br />1. Teknologi pada sisi klien (client-side technology)<br />2. Teknologi pada sisi server (server-side technology)<br /><br />Teknologi pada sisi Klien :<br />1. Kontrol Active X<br />2. Java applet<br />3. Client-side script (JavaScript dan VBScript)<br />4. DHTML (CSS / Cascading Style Sheets)<br /><br />Teknologi pada sisi Server :<br />=> CGI<br />=> FastCGI<br />=> Proprietary Web Server API (ISAPI dan NSAPI)<br />=> Active Server Pages (ASP)<br />=> Java Server Pages (JSP) dan Java Servlets<br />=> Server-side JavaScript<br />=> PHP<br /><br />Manajemen Database sistem perangkat bergerak<br />Pesatnya
perkembangan bagi komunikasi bergerak mendorong para operator layanan
berlomba untuk memperkaya macam layanannya guna menambah pemasukan bagi
perusahaanya. Komunikasi data bergerak, misalnya untuk akses internet.
Pengenalan WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) telah menunjukkan potensi
sebagai layanan internet nirkabel/ WAP merupakan protocol global
terbuka yang memungkinkan para pengguna mengakses layanan-layanan
on-line dari layar kecil pada telepon genggam dengan menggunakan
built-in browser. WAP bekerja pada berbagai teknologi jaringan bergerak,
yang memungkinkan pasar missal bagi penciptaan layanan data bergerak.<br />Contoh
dari layanan bergerak adalah GPRS. GPRS merupakan system transmisi
berbasis paket untuk GSM yang menggunakan prinsip 'tunnelling'. GPRS
tidak menawarkan laju data tinggi yang memadai untuk multimedia nayata,
tetapi GPRS merupakan kunci untuk menghilangkan beberapa batas pokok
bagi layanan-layanan data bergerak.<br />Beberapa faktor yang menjadi pertimbangan bahwa GPRS merupakan teknologi kunci untuk data bergerak :<br /><br /> Memperkaya utility investasi untuk perangkat GSM yang sudah ada.<br /> Merupakan teknologi jembatan yang bagus menuju generasi ke 3.<br /> Mampu memanfaatkan kemampuan cakupan global yang dimiliki GSM.<br /> Menghilangkan atau mengurangi beberapa pembatas bagi akses data bergerak.<br /> Memiliki laju data sampai 115 kbps yang berarti dua kali lipat daripada koneksi 'dial up' 56 kbps yang berlaku.<br />
Menampakan diri sebagai komunikasi yang 'selalu' terhubung sehingga
memiliki waktu sesi hubungan yang pendek dan akses langsung ke internet.<br /><br />Sumber<br />http://mydelight.co.cc/?p=47<br />http://resty-pumpfh.blogspot.com/2009/12/manajemen-data-telematika.html<br />http://lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/anton/download/PEMROGRAMAN%20JARINGAN-Modul2.doc<br />http://kambing.ui.ac.id/bebas/v06/Kuliah/SistemOperasi/BUKU/SistemOperasi-4.X-1/ch17s05.html</b></span></span>Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-35158622891477291782013-11-14T16:33:00.001-08:002013-11-14T16:35:05.764-08:00Middleware Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">Lingkungan
komputasi adalah suatu lingkungan di mana sistem komputer digunakan.
Lingkungan komputasi dapat dikelompokkan menjadi empat jenis : komputasi
tradisional, komputasi berbasis jaringan, dan komputasi <i>embedded,</i> serta komputasi <i>gri.</i></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">Pada awalnya komputasi tradisional hanya meliputi penggunaan komputer meja (<i>desktop</i>)
untuk pemakaian pribadi di kantor atau di rumah. Namun, seiring dengan
perkembangan teknologi maka komputasi tradisional sekarang sudah
meliputi penggunaan teknologi jaringan yang diterapkan mulai dari <i>desktop</i>
hingga sistem genggam. Perubahan yang begitu drastis ini membuat batas
antara komputasi tradisional dan komputasi berbasis jaringan sudah tidak
jelas lagi.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">Komputasi
berbasis jaringan menyediakan fasilitas pengaksesan data yang luas oleh
berbagai perangkat elektronik. Akses tersedia asalkan perangkat
elektronik itu terhubung dalam jaringan, baik dengan kabel maupun
nirkabel.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">Komputasi model terbaru ini juga berbasis jaringan dengan <i>clustered system</i> . Digunakan <i>super computer</i> untuk melakukan komputasinya. Pada model ini komputasi dikembangkan melalui <i>pc-farm</i> . Perbedaan yang nyata dengan komputasi berbasis jaringan adalah bahwa komputasi berbasis <i>grid</i> dilakukan bersama-sama seperti sebuah <i>multiprocessor</i> dan tidak hanya melakukan pertukaran data seperti pada komputasi berbasis jaringan.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">lingkungan
komputasi itu sendiri bisa diklasifikasikan berdasarkan cara data dan
instruksi programnya dihubungkan yang terdiri atas empat kategori
berikut ini: </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="SV">1.</span><span lang="SV">Single instruction stream-single data stream </span><span lang="SV">(SISD), terdapat satu prosesor dan biasa juga disebut komputer sekuensial, contohnya komputer model van Neumann. </span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2.Single instruction stream-multiple data stream (SIMD),
terdapat sejumlah prosesor dan aliran data, tetapi hanya memiliki satu
instruksi/program. Setiap prosesor memiliki memori lokal dan duplikasi
program yang sama sehingga masing-masing prosesor akan mengeksekusi
instruksi/program yang sama, tetapi pada data yang berbeda dan prosesor
bekerja secara sinkron sehingga mendukung paralelisasi pada proses
komputasi data. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3.Multiple instruction stream-single data stream (MISD), terdapat sejumlah prosesor, kontrol unit dan aliran instruksi tetapi hanya memiliki satu aliran data. Data yang ada di common memory akan dimanipulasi secara bersamaan oleh semua prosesor, akibatnya akan terjadi kendala jika sejumlah prosesor melakukan update data sedangkan data yang lama masih dibutuhkan oleh sejumlah prosesor lainnya. Sampai saat ini belum ada implementasi mesin komputer yang memenuhi kategori ini.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4.Multiple instruction stream-multiple data stream (MIMD),
terdapat sejumlah prosesor, aliran instruksi dan aliran data. Setiap
prosesor memiliki kontrol unit, memori lokal serta memori bersama (shared memory) yang mendukung proses paralelisasi dari sisi data dan instruksi. <span lang="SV">Prosesor dapat bekerja sesuai dengan instruksi program yang berbeda dan pada data yang berbeda. </span>Prosesor juga dapat bekerja secara asinkron. </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dalam dunia teknologi informasi, terminologi middleware adalah
pemrograman komputer yang digunakan untuk menyatukan, sebagai
penghubung, atau untuk meningkatkan fungsi dari dua buah
program/aplikasi yang telah ada. Perangkat lunak middleware adalah
perangkat lunak yang terletak diantara program aplikasi dan pelayanan
yang ada di sistem operasi. Dalam dunia teknologi informasi,
terminologi middleware adalah istilah umum dalam pemrograman komputer
yang digunakan untuk menyatukan, sebagai penghubung, ataupun untuk
meningkatkan fungsi dari dua buah progaram/aplikasi yang telah ada.
Adapun fungsi dari middleware adalah:<br />
<br />
Menyediakan lingkungan pemrograman aplikasi sederhana yang
menyembunyikan penggunaan secara detail pelayanan yang ada pada sistem
operasi .<br />
Menyediakan lingkungan pemrograman aplikasi yang umum yang mencakup berbagai komputer dan sistim operasi.<br />
Mengisi kekurangan yang terdapat antara sistem operasi dengan aplikasi,
seperti dalam: networking, security, database, user interface, dan
system administration.<br />
Middleware Didefinisikan sebagai sebuah aplikasi yang secara logic
berada diantara lapisan aplikasi (application layer) dan lapisan data
dari sebuah arsitektur layer-layer TCP/IP [1]. Middleware bisa juga
disebut protokol. Protokol komunikasi middleware mendukung layanan
komunikasi aras tinggi. Pengertian yang lain yaitu :<br />
<br />
Software yang berfungsi sebagai lapisan konversi atau penerjemah. Software penghubung yang berisi sekumpulan layanan yang memungkinkan
beberapa proses dapat berjalan pada satu atau lebih mesin untuk saling
berinteraksi pada suatu jaringan juga sebagai integrator.<br />
Middleware saat ini dikembangkan untuk memungkinkan satu aplikasi
berkomunikasi dengan lainnya walaupun berjalan pada platform yang
berbeda.<br />
Biasa dipakai saat bermigrasi<br />
Contoh MiddlewareJava’s: Remote Procedure CallObject Management Group’s:
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Microsoft’s COM/DCOM
(Component Object Model)Also .NET Remoting<br />
<br />
Perangkat lunak middleware adalah perangkat lunak yang terletak diantara
program aplikasi dan pelayanan-pelayanan yang ada di sistim
operasi.Perkembangan middleware dari waktu ke waktu dapat dikategorikan
sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
On Line Transaction Processing (OLTP), merupakan perkembangan awal dari
koneksi antar remote database. Pertama kali ditemukan tahun 1969 oleh
seorang engineer di Ford, kemudian diadopsi oleh IBM hingga kini dikenal
sebagai proses OLTP. DIGITAL ACMS merupakan contoh lainnya yang sukses
pada tahun 70-an dan 80-an. UNIX OLTP lainnya seperti: Encina, Tuxedo
pada era 80-an, serta DIGITAL CICS untuk UNIX yang memperkenalkan konsep
dowsizing ke pasar.<br />
Remote Procedure Call (RPC), menyediakan fasilitas jaringan secara
transparan. Open Network Computing (ONC) merupakan prototipe pertama
yang diperkenalkan awal tahun 70-an. Sun unggul dalam hal ini dengan
mengeluarkan suatu standar untuk koneksi ke internet. Distributed
Computing Environment (DCE) yang dikeluarkan oleh Open Systems
Foundation (OSF) menyediakan fungsi-fungsi ONC yang cukup kompleks dan
tidak mudah untuk sis administrasinya.<br />
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), merupakan
object-oriented middleware yang menggabungkan fungsi RPC, brokering, dan
inheritance. DIGITAL ObjectBroker merupakan salah satu contohnya.<br />
<br />
Middleware Masa Depan<br />
<br />
Database middleware, seperti midleware yang lain akan tetap dan semakin
dibutuhkan dimasa yang akan datang. Dan besar kemungkinannya bahwa OLEDB
akan menjadi database middleware yang paling populer pada saat
teknologinya matang, karena keterbukaannya, arsitekturnya yang
object-oriented, dan kemampuannya mengakses hampir semua tipe
penyimpanan data.<br />
<br />
Layanan Middleware<br />
<br />
Menyediakan kumpulan fungsi API (Application Programming Interfaces)
yang lebih tinggi dari pada API yang disediakan sistem operasi dan
layanan jaringan yang memungkinkan suatu aplikasi dapat :<br />
<br />
Mengalokasikan suatu layanan secara transparan pada jaringan<br />
Menyediakan interaksi dengan aplikasi atau layanan lain<br />
Diperluas (dikembangkan) kapasitasnya tanpa kehilangan fungsinya. Contoh Layanan Middleware<br />
Transaction Monitor<br />
Produk pertama yang disebut middleware.<br />
Menempati posisi antara permintaan dari program client dan database,
untuk menyakinkan bahwa semua transaksi ke database terlayani dengan
baik. Contoh Layanan Middleware<br />
Distributed Object Middleware<br />
<br />
Contoh: RPC, CORBA dan DCOM/COMMiddleware basis data menyediakan
antarmuka antara sebuah query dengan beberapa database yang
terdistribusiContoh: JDBC, ODBC, dan ADO.NET Application Server
MiddlewareJ2EE Application Server, Oracle Application Server<br />
<br />
Tujuan utama layanan middleware adalah untuk membantu memecahkan interkoneksi beberapa aplikasi dan masalah interoperabilitas.<br />
<br />
Database middleware adalah salah satu jenis middleware disamping
message-oriented middleware, object-oriented middleware, remote
procedure call, dan transaction processing monitor. Pada prinsipnya, ada
tiga tingkatan integrasi sistem komputer yaitu integrasi jaringan,
integrasi data, dan integrasi applikasi. Database middleware menjawab
tantangan integrasi data, sedangkan midleware yang lain menjawab
tantangan integrasi applikasi dan jaringan.<br />
<br />
Database middleware yang paling umum digunakan adalah ODBC (Open
DataBase Connectivity). Keterbatasan ODBC adalah bahwa middleware ini
didisain untuk bekerja pada tipe penyimpanan relational database, lebih
tepatnya SQL-based relational database2, meskipun pada saat buku ini
ditulis sudah tersedia ODBC untuk text file dan Excel spreadsheet.<br />
<br />
Database middleware yang lain, yang merupakan superset daripada ODBC
adalah OLEDB. OLEDB bisa mengakses hampir segala macam bentuk database,
dan karenanya Microsoft mengklaim OLEDB sebagai Universal Data Access
Interface2. Kelebihan yang lain dari OLEDB adalah dia didisain dengan
konsep obyek komponen (Component Object Model) yang mengandalkan
object-oriented computing dan menjadi salah satu trend di dunia
komputasi.Hanya saja OLEDB relatif masih baru pada saat buku ini
ditulis, sehingga penulis belum dapat mengevaluasinya lebih jauh.<br /> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Messaging Middleware : </b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menyimpan data dalam suatu antrian message jika mesin tujuan sedang</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>mati atau overloaded. Mungkin berisi business logic yang merutekan</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>message ke tujuan sebenarnya dan memformat ulang data lebih tepat</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>sama seperti sistem messaging email, kecuali messaging middleware</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>digunakan untuk mengirim data antar aplikasi</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>sumber : </b></span></span><br />
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<div class="paragrafutama" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://divi.gxrg.org</b></span></span></div>
<div class="paragrafutama" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://dinasweblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/lingkungan-komputasi.html</b></span></span></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-89615983877266049042013-11-12T05:10:00.001-08:002013-11-12T05:11:02.265-08:00Tugas Teknologi Yang Terkait Antarmuka Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKULTAS
ILMU KOMPUTER & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--J0EEMzTOw8/UoInDKdcTQI/AAAAAAAAAPs/FpraD7yGYdg/s1600/gundar.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--J0EEMzTOw8/UoInDKdcTQI/AAAAAAAAAPs/FpraD7yGYdg/s1600/gundar.png" /></a></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TUGAS
PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TEKNOLOGI YANG TERKAIT ANTARMUKA
TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nama & NPM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latifah | 13110973</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 133.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Novika
Ari Pahlawati | 1</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">5110</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">080</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Restu
Anjani | 15110772</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Fakultas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jurusan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4KA11</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Depok</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2013</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ABSTRAK</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">SI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latifah. 13110973</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Novika Ari Pahlawati. 15110080</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Restu Anjani. 15110772</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TEKNOLOGI
YANG TERKAIT ANTARMUKA TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tugas Pengantar Telematika. Jurusan
Sistem Informasi, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas
Gunadarma, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
kunci: antarmuka, teknologi telematika</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">ii</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i
+ 16 halaman</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada penulisan jurnal ini akan berfokus
untuk membahas layanan telematika, fitur interface pada telematika , pendukung
dan perangkat yang digunakan pada telematika dan manfaat, kerugian pada
telematika.semoga artikel yang sederhana ini dapat memberi manfaat untuk
pembaca dan mampu menjelaskan apa saja yang fitur yang berada pada telematika.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Daftar Pustaka (2009-2013)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Daftar
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman Judul</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">..........................................................................................1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstrak....................................................................................................</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Latar Belakang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">...................................................................4</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tinjauan Pustaka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.......................................................................6</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Analisa Hasil dan Pembahasan..................................................</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">7</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.1 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fitur-Fitur pada Telematika</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">................................................7</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Manfaat Telematika...........................................................</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">17</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kerugian Telematika.........................................................</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">18</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.1 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penutup............................................................................</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">19</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 LATAR BELAKANG</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi
telematika merupakan singkatan dari teknologi komunikasi, media, dan
informatika. Dalam perkembangannya, teknologi telematika ini telah menggunakan
kecepatan dan jangkauan transmisi energi elektromagnetik, sehingga sejumlah
besar informasi dapat ditransmisikan dengan jangkauan, menurut keperluan, sampai
seluruh dunia. Pada saat ini informasi sudah banyak berkembang sedemikian rupa,
hanya saja harus adanya dukungan teknologi. Teknologi telematikalah yang telah
berkembang sehingga mampu menyampaikan suatu informasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika
Amerika Serikat meluncurkan ARPAnet pada 1983, penggunaan teknologi telematika
di Indonesia masih terbatas. Mailinglist yang dikenal tertua di Indonesia
dibuat pada tahun 1983 oleh Johny Moningka dan Jos Lukuhay. Hingga tahun
1990-an, masyarakat Indonesia telah banyak yang mengenal dan menggunakan
teknologi telematika. Kemajuan tersebut dapat dilihat dari jumlah radio amatir
yang menjangku hingga ke luar negeri. Dan terus perkembangannya, teknologi
telematika saat ini dapat diaplikasikan dalam banyak hal ; menghubungkan
pengajar dengan muridnya, kegiatan seperti memberikan materi belajar, melakukan
ujian, mengirim tugas, mengecek nilai dapat dilakukan secara elektronik.<br />
Selanjutnya, teknologi mobile phone begitu cepat pertumbuhannya. Bukan hanya
dimiliki oleh hampir seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia, fungsi yang
ditawarkan terbilang canggih. Muatannya antara 1 Gigabyte, dapat berkoneksi
dengan internet juga stasiun televisi, dan teleconference melalui 3G. Teknologi
computer demikian, kini hadir dengan skala tera (1000 Gigabyte), multi
processor, multislot memory, dan jaringan internet berfasilitas wireless access
point. Bahkan, pada café dan kampus tertentu, internet dapat diakses dengan
mudah, dan gratis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terkait
dengan hal tersebut, Depkominfo mencatat bahwa sepanjang tahun 2007 yang lalu,
Indonesia telah mengalami pertumbuhan 48% persen terutama di sektor sellular
yang mencapai 51% dan FWA yang mencapai 78% dari tahun sebelumnya. Selain itu,
dilaporkan tingkat kepemilikan komputer pada masyarakat juga mengalami
pertumbuhan sangat signifikan, mencapai 38.5 persen. Sedangkan angka pengguna
Internet mencapai jumlah 2 juta pemakai atau naik sebesar 23 persen dibanding
tahun 2006. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahun
2008 ini diharapkan bisa mencapai angka pengguna 2,5 juta.<br />
Dan tujuan penulisan artikel ini akan berfokus pada fitur-fitur telematika ,
apa saja fitur tersebut dan fungsi kegunaannya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAYANAN
TEKNOLOGI TELEMATIKA yang termasuk dalam telematika ini adalah layanan dial up
ke Internet maupun semua jenis jaringan yang didasarkan pada sistem
telekomunikasi untuk mengirimkan data. Internet sendiri merupakan salah satu
contoh telematika. Di Indonesia, pengaturan dan pelaksanaan mengenai berbagai
bidang usaha yang bergerak di sektor telematika diatur oleh Direktorat Jenderal
Aplikasi Telematika. Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Telematika (disingkat DitJen
APTEL) adalah unsur pelaksana tugas dan fungsi Departemen di bidang Aplikasi
Telematika yang berada di bawah dan bertanggungjawab kepada Menteri Komunikasi
dan Informatika Republik Indonesia. Fungsi Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi
Telematika (disingkat DitJen APTEL) meliputi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Penyiapan perumusan kebijakan di bidang e-government, e-business, perangkat
lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan audit
aplikasi telematika.<br />
2. Pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak
dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi
telematika.<br />
3. Perumusan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan kelembagaan internasional di bidang
e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika
serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika..</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Penyusunan standar, norma, pedoman, kriteria, dan prosedur di bidang
e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika
serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika.</span></div>
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<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.1</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">F</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">irut-Fitur
Pada Telematika</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
penjelasan interface dan telematika diatas, maka dapat saya simpulkan Interface
telematika adalah merupakan sebuah teknologi informasi yang berbasiskan pada
interface yang memungkinkan pengguna berinteraksi secara langsung.<br />
Terdapat 6 macam fitur pada antarmuka telematika, keenam fitur tersebut adalah
head up display system, tangible user interface, computer vision, browsing
audio data, speech recognition, dan speech syntetis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
1. Head Up Display System</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Head
Up Display System adalah tampilan transparan yang menyajikan data tanpa
mengharuskan penggna melihat dari sudut pandang yang biasa mereka lihat. Asal
usul nama dari alat ini yaitu pengguna dapat melihat informasi dengan kepala
terangkat (head up) dan melihat kea rah depan daripada melihat ke arah bawah
bagian instrument.<br />
Meskipun pada awalnya dikembangkan untuk penerbangan militer, HUDs sekarang
digunakan dalam handphone, kendaraan bermotor, dan aplikasi lainnya.<br />
Ada 2 tipe Head Up Display System, yaitu Fixed HUD dan HMD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
- Fixed HUD mengharuskan penggunaannya melihat tampilan melalui media yang
dipasangkan ke chassis/bodi mesin. Tampilan yang ditampilkan tergantung dari
orientasi mesin yang bersangkutan misalkan pesawat tempur. System ini digynakan
di kebanyakan pesawat tempur.</span></div>
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- HMD lebih fleksible karena system ini menampilkan tampilan sesuai dengan
gerakan kepala pengguna. Contoh HUDS, seperti General Motors yang memulai
mengembangkan Head Up Display Berteknologi Laser. Dengan inovasi ini, pengemudi
tak akan lagi menemukan kendala penglihatan pada kondisi gelap, hujan bahkan
kabut sekalipun. Inovasi yang menurut GM tak akan lama lagi di produksi ini,
memiliki dampak besar pada keselamatan karena mapu memandu pengemudi saat
berada di jalan bahkan dalam kondisi hamper mustahil untuk melihat dengan mata
telanjang.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
ini, dimungkinkan berkat penggunnaan sensor dan kamera yang mengumpulkan
informasi untuk diproyeksikan ke kaca depan menggunakan laser ultra violet
kecil.<br />
Teknologi ini merupakan bagian dari kerjasama antara departemen pengembangan
(R&D) GM dengan tim di University of California dan Carnegie Mellon
University.<br />
Cara kerjanya, saat mengemudi dalam kabut, pengemudi bisa memanfaatkan kamera
infra merah pada kendaraan untuk mengetahui dimana keberadaan tepi jalan dan
laser dapat “melukiskan” tepi jalan tersebut pada kaca depan sehingga pengemudi
bisa mengetahuinya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
2. Tangible User Interface</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangible
User Interface, biasa disingkat dengan TUI, adalah antarmuka dimana seseorang
dapat berinteraksi dengan informasi digital lewat lingkungan fisik. Nama
inisial Graspable User Interface, sudah tidak lagi digunakan. Salah satu
perintis TUI ialah Hiroshi Ishii, seorang professor di laboratorium Media MIT
yang memimpin Tangible Media Group. Pandangan Istimewanya untuk tangible UI
disebut tangible bits, yaitu memberikan bentuk fisik kepada informasi digital
sehingga membuat bit dapat dimanipulasi dan diamati secara lengkap. The
Reactable adalah multi-user instrument music elektronik dengan antarmuka
pengguna meja nyata. Beberapa pemain simultan berbagi kendali penuh atas
instrument dengan memindahkan benda-benda fisik di atas permukaan meja
bercahaya. Bergerak dan berkaitan dengan benda-benda ini, mewakili komponen
modular synthesizer klasik, memungkinkan pengguna unuk membuat kompleks dan
dinamis sonic topoligi, dengan generator, filter dan modulator, dalam nyata
semacam modular synthesiezer atau aliran graspable bahasa pemograman yang
dikuasai. Contohnya adalah sistem Topobo. Dimana balok-balok dalam LEGO Topobo
seperti blok yang dapat bertak bersama, tetapi juga dapat bergerak sendiri
menggunakan komponen bermotor. Seseorang bisa mendorong, menarik, dan memutar
blok tersebut, dan blok dapat menghapal gerakan-gerakan ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
3. Computer Vision</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Computer
Vision sering didefinisikan sebagai salah satu cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang
mempelajari bagaimana computer dapat mengenali objek yang diamati atau
diobservasi. Arti dari computer vision adalah merupakan ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi dari mesin yang melihat, dimana mesin mampu mengekstrak informasi
dari gambar yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan tugas teretntu. Sebagai suatu
ilmu, visi computer berkaitan dengantori dibalik system buatan bahwa ekstrak
informasi dari gambar. Data gambar dapat mengambil banyak bentuk, seperti
urutan video, pandangan dari beberapa kamera, atau data multi-dimensi dari
scanner medis. Sebagai disiplin teknologi, computer vision berusaha untuk
menerapkan teori dan model untuk pembangunan system. Computer Vision ini juga
merupa penggabungan antara pengolahan citra dan pengenalan pola. Pengolahan
citra (image Processing) berlangsung proses tranformasi citra atau gambar,
proses ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kualitas citra yang lebih baik. Dan pada
pengenalan pola (pattern recognition) berlangsung proses identifikasi objek
pada citra atau innterpretasi citra, dimana proses ini bertujuan unt
mengekstrak informasi atau pesan yang disampaikan oleh gambar atau citra. Bersama
Intelijensia Semu (Artificial Intelligence) akan mampu menghasilkan system
intelijen visual ( Visual Intelligence System).<br />
Contoh aplikasi visi computer mencangkup system untuk :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
• Pengendalian prosen (misalnya, sebuah robot industry atau kendaraan otonom).<br />
• Mendeteksi peristiwa (misalnya, untuk pengawasan visual atau orang menghitung).<br />
• Mengorganisir informasi (misalnya, untuk pengindeksan database foto dan
gambar urutan).<br />
• Modeling benda atau lingkungan (misalnya, industry inspeksi, analisis gambar
medis atau topografis model). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Interkasi (misalnya, sebagai input ke perangkat untuk interaksi manusia
computer).<br />
• Visi computer juga dapat digambarkan sebagai pelengkap (tapi tidak harus
lawan) penglihatan biologis. Biologis visi, presepsi visual manusia adan
berbagai system ini beroperasi dalam hal prose-prosen fisiologis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Sub domain visi computer meliputi adegan rekonstruksi, acara deteksi, pelacakan
video, pengenalan objek, belajar, pengindeksian, gerak estimasi, dan gambar
restorasi. <br />
<br />
4. Browsing Audio Data</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah
metode browsing jaringan disediakan untuk browsing video atau audio data yang
di tembak oleh sebuah IP. Jaringan video atau audio metode browsing sesuai mencangkup
langkah-langkah dari:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Menjalankan sebuah program splikasi komputetr local untuk mendapatkan kode
identifikasi yang disimpan dalam kamera IP.<br />
2. Transmisi untuk mendaftarkan kode identifikasi ke DDNS (Dinamic Domain Name
Server) oleh program aplikasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Mendapatkakn kamera IP pribadi alamat dan alamat server pribadi sehingga
pasangan IO kamera dan control kamera IP melalui kamera IP pribadi, dan<br />
4. Kopel ke layanan server melalui alamat server pribadi sehina untuk
mendapatkan video atau audio dara yang ditembak oleh kamera IP, dimana server
layanan menangkap video atau audio data yang ditembak oleh kamera IP melalui
Internet.<br />
Penemuan ini berkaitan dengan system dan metode untuk browsing video/ audio
data, lebih khusus ke jaringan video atau audio system browsing dan metode yang
akan diatur sebuah IP untuk browsing video atau audio.<br />
Singkatnya, browsing audio data ini adalah suatu fasilitas yang dapat
mengidentifikasi suatu file audio. Misalnya, dengan mengetahui elemen-elemen
yang tidak ada pada file audio tersebut. Misalnya kita ingin mengetahui siapa
penyanyi, siapa pengarang, ataupun siapa pencipta dari file audio tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Speech Recognition</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Automatic
Speech Recognition (ASR) adalah suatu pengembangan teknik dan system yang
memungkinkan computer untuk menerima masukan berupa kata yang di ucap.
Teknologi ini, memungkinkan suatu perangkat untuk mengenali dan memahami
kata-kata yang diucapkan dnegan cara digitalisasi kata dan mencocokkan sinyal
digital tersebut dengan pola tertentu yang tersimpan dalam suatu perangkat.
Kata-kata yang diucapkan diubah bentuknya mejadi sinyal digital dengan cara
mengubah gelombang suara sekumpulan angka yang kemudian disesuaikan dengan
kode-kode tertentu untuk mengidentifikasika kata-kata tersebut. Hasil dari
identifikasi kata yang diucapkan dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk tulisan yang
dapat dibaca oleh perangkat teknologi sebagao sebuah komando untuk melakkan
suatu pekerjaan, misalnya penekanan tombol pada telepon genggam yang dilalukan
secara otomatis dengan komando suara. Alat pengenal ucapan, atau yang sering
disebut dengan speech recognition ini, membutuhkan sampel kata sebenarnya yang
diucapkan dari pengguna. Sampel kata akan didigitalisasi, disimpan dalam
computer, dan kemudian digunakan sebagai basis data dalam memcocokkan kata yang
diucapkan selajutnya. Sebagian besar alat pengenal ucapan ini sifatnya masih
tergantung pada pengeras suara. Dan kekurangan lain dari alat ini, adalah alat
ini hanya dapat mengenal kata yang diucapkan dari satu atau dua orang saja,
serta hanya bisa mengenal kata-kata terpisah, yaitu kata-kata yang dalam
penyampaiannya terdapat jeda antar kata. Hanya sedikit dari peralatan ini yang
sifatnya tidak tergatung pada pengeras suara dan dapat mengenal kata yang
diucapkan banyak orang serta dapat mengenal kata-kata continue atau kata-kata
yang dalam penyampaiannya tidak terdapat jeda antar kata.<br />
Pengenalan suara sendiri terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu pengenalan pengguna
(identifikasi suara berdasarkan orang yang berbicara) dan pengenalan ucapan
(identifikasi berdasarkan kata yang diucapkan). Alat ini sudah ada sejak tahun
1940, dimana pada tahun tersebuut perussahaan American Telephone and Telegraph
Company (AT&T) sudah mulai mengembankan suatu perangkat teknologi yang
dapat mengidentifikasi kata yang diucapkan manusia. Lalu, sekitar tahun 1960-an
para peneniliti dari perusahaan tersebut sudah berhasil membuat suatu perangkat
yang dapat mengidentifikasi kata-kata terpisah dan pada tahun 1970-an, mereka
sudah dapat membuat perangkat yang dapat megidentikikasi kata-kata continue.
Alat ini menjadi fungsional sejak tahun 1980-an dan hingga sekarang masih akan
terus dikembangkan dan ditingkatkan keefektifannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi-aplikasi
alat pengenalan ucap dapat dilihat dari beberapa bidang, yaitu :<br />
• Bidang komunikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
bidang komunikasi terdapat beberapa jenis alat pengenalan ucap, seperti :<br />
1. Komando suara</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komando
suara adalah suatu program pada computer yang melakukan perintahberdasarkan
komando suara pengguna. Contohnya pada aplikasi Microsoft voice yang berbasis
bahasa inggris. Ketika pengguna mengatakan “mulai kalkulator” dengan intonasi
data tata bahasa yang sesuai. Maka, computer akan segera membuka aplikasi
kalkulator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
komando suara yang diberikan sesuai dengan daftar perintah yang tersedia.
Aplikasi akan memastikan komando suara dengan menampilkan tulisan “apakah anda
meminta saya untuk ‘memulai kalkulator’?”, untuk melakukan verifikasi. Pengguna
cupuk mengatakan “lakukan” dan computer akan langsung beroperasi.<br />
2. Pendiktean</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendiktean
adalah sebuah prosen mendikte yang sekarang ini banyak dimanfaaatkan dalam
pembuatan laporan atau penelitian. Contohnya pada aplikasi Microsoft dictation
yang merupakan aplikasi yang dapat menulikan apa yang diucapkan pengguna secara
otomatis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Telepon</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
telepon, teknologi pengenalan ucapaan yang digunakan pada proses penekanan
tombol otomatis yang dapat menelpon nomor tujuan dengan komando suara.<br />
• Bidang kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
pengenal ucapan banyak digunakan dalam bidang kesehatan untuk membantu para
penyandang cacat dalam beraktivitas. Contohnya ada pada aplikasi Antarmuka
Suara Pengguna aatau Voice User Interface (VUI) yang menggunakan teknologi
pengenalan ucapan dimana pengendalian saklar lampu. Misalnya, tidak peril
dilakukan secara manual dengan menggerakkkan saklar tetatpi cukup mengeluarkan
parintah dalam bentuk ucapan sebagai saklarnya. Metode ini membantu manusia
yang secara fisik tidak dapat menggerakkan saklar karena cacat pada tangan.
Penerapan VUI ini tidak hanya untuk lampu saja tetapi bisa juga untuk aplikasi-aplikasi
control yang lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Bidang militer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
bidang militer juga terdapat beberapa macam alat pengenalan ucap :<br />
1. Pelatihan penerbangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi
alat pengenal ucapan dalam bahasa militer adala pada pengaturan lalu-lintas
udara atau yang dikenal dengan Air Traffic Controllers (ATC) yang dipakai oleh
para pilot untuk mendapatkan keterangan mengenai keadaan lalu-lintas udara
seperti radar, cuaca, dan navigasi. Alat pengenal ucapan digunakan sebagai
pengganti operator yang memberikan informasi kepada pilot dengan cara
berdialog.<br />
2. Helicopter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi
alat pengenalan ucapan pada helicopter digunakan untuk berkomunikasi lewat
radio dan menyesuaikan system navigasi. Alat ini, sangat diperlukan pada
helicopter karena ketika sedang terbang, sangat banyak gangguan yang akan
menyulitkan pilot bila harus berkomunikasi dan menyesuaikan navigasi dengan memencet
tombol terlebih dahulu. Kelebihan alat pengenal ucapan<br />
Kelebihan dari peralatan yang menggunakan teknologi ini adalah :<br />
1. Cepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi
ini mempercepat transmisi informasi dan umoan balik dari transmisi tersebut.
Contohnya pada komando suara. Hanya dalam selang waktu sekitar satu sampai dua
detik setelah kita mengkomandokan peritah melallui suara komputeer sudah member
umpan balik atas komando kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Mudah digunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudahan
teknologi ini juga dapat dilihat dalam aplikasi komando suara. Komando biasanya
kita memasukkan ke dalam computer dengan menggunakan tatikus atau papan ketik,
kini dapat dengan mudah kita lakukan tanpa perangkat keras, yaitu dengan
menggunakan komando suara. Kekurangan alat pengenal ucapan<br />
Kekurangan dari peralatan yang menggunakan teknologi ini adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Rawan terhadap gangguan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
ini disebabkan oleh proses sinyal suara yang masih berbasis frekuensi. Ketika
sebuah informasi dalam sinyal suara mempunyai komponen frekuensi yang sama
banyaknya dengan komponen frekuensi gangguannya, akan sulit untuk memisahkan
gangguan dari sinyal suara tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Jumlah kata yang dapat dikenal terbatas Hal ini disebabkan pengenalan ucapan
berkerja dengan cara mencari kemiripan dengan basis data yang dimiliki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.
Speech Syntesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Speech
synthesis atau pidato sintesis adalah produksi buatan manusia pidato. Sebuah
ssistem computer yang digunakan untuk tujuan ini disebut speech synthezer, dan
dapat diimplementasikan dalam perangkat lunak atau perangkat keras.
Text-to-speech (TTS) system bahsa normal mengkonversi teks ke dalam pidato.
System lain membuat representasi linguistic simbolis seperti transkripsi
fonetik bicara.<br />
Pidato buatan dapat dibuat dengan potongan-potongan concatenating pidato yang
direkam disimpan dalam databace. Sestem berbeda dalam ukuran pidato yang
tersimpan unit, sebuah system yang menyimpan telepon memberikan rentang output
terbesar, tetapi kirang jelas. Untuk keperluan khusus domain, yang menyimpan
seluruh kata-kata atau kalimat memungkinkan output yang berkualitas tinggi.
Atau, synthesizer dapat menggabungkan sebuah model dari system vocal dan
karakteristik suara manusia lain untuk membuat yang benar-benar “sintetik”
output suara. Kualitas synthesizer pidato dinilai oleh kesamaan dengan suara
manusia dan kemapuannya untuk dipahami, semua dimengerti text-to-speech profram
yang memungkinkan orang-orang dengan gangguan visual atau membaca untuk
mendengarkan karya-karya tulis di computer rumah. A text-to-speech system (atau
“mesin”) adalah terdiri dari dua bagian: front-end dan back-end. Front-end
memiliki dua tugas utama. Pertama, mengubah teks mentah berisi simbol seperti
angka dan singkatan menjadi setara dengan tertulis-kata-kata. Proses ini sering
disebut normalisasi teks, pra-pengolahan, atau tokenization. Front-end kemudian
menetapkan transkripsi fonetik untuk setiap kata, dan membagi dan menandai teks
ke prosodic unit seperti frase dan kalimat. Proses transkripsi fonetik untuk
menetapkan kata-kata ini disebut teks-ke-fonem atau grafem-ke-fonem konversi.
Fonetis transkripsi dan informasi ilmu persajakan bersama-sama membentuk
representasi simbolik yang linguistik output dengan front-end. Back-end-sering
disebut sebagai synthesizer-maka mengubah representasi linguistic simbolik
menjadi suara. Synthesizer teknologi<br />
Kualitas yang paling penting dari sebuah sistem sintesis pidato kewajaran dan
dimengerti. Kewajaran menggambarkan seberapa dekat output terdengar seperti
ucapan manusia, sementara dimengerti adalah kemudahan yang keluaran dipahami.
Pidato synthesizer yang ideal adalah alami dan dipahami. Pidato sistem sintesis
biasanya mencoba untuk memaksimalkan dua karakteristik<br />
Contoh : Fasilitas Text to Speech pada sistem operasi Microsoft Windows</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7
. video conference</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Layanan
video conference merupakan layanan komunikasi yang melibatkan video dan audio
secara real time. Teknologi yang digunakan untuk layanan video conference
komersial pada awalnya dikembangkan di atas platform ISDN (Integrated Switch
Digital Network) dengan standar H.320. Secara fungsional, elemen pendukung
layanan video conference terdiri dari:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Terminal video conference atau endpoint video conference, adalah perangkat yang
berada di sisi pengguna video conference.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
MCU (Multipoint Conference Unit), adalah semacam server yang berfungsi sebagai
pengendali konferensi yang melibatkan banyak pengguna dan banyak sesi
konferensi.<br />
- Gateway dan gatekeeper adalah media yang melakukan proses adaptasi komunikasi
video conference berbasis ISDN ke IP dan sebaliknya.<br />
Jenis Video ConferenceJenis video conference berdasarkan hubungan diantara
pemakainya dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Real Time Colaboration Multiparty Conferencing, merupakan sarana hubungan
konferensi yang seketika dengan resolusi yang baik dan interaktif.<br />
2. Active Participation Users, hubungan yang terjadi diantara pemakai dengan
jaringan komputer atau basis data, merupakan konferensi yang seketika dengan
resolusi yang baik dan interaktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Passive Participation Users, keikutsertaan pemakai bersifat pasif dan
memerlukan hubungan yang seketika dan interaktif. Sistem Terminal Video
Conference.<br />
Jenis video conference menurut system terminalnya dibagi menjadi 2 bagian :<br />
1. Special video conference terminal, merupakan suatu terminal khusus sebagai
hasil integrasi produk-produk modular video conference. Bagian ini pengembangan
dari traditional video conference yang ditambahkan dengan perangkat seperti
komputer dan faks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
PC-based video conference terminal, seperangkat komputer yang dapat
ditingkatkan kemampuannya dengan menambahkan video codec, kamera, mikrofon,
perangkat lunak dan sistem lainnya. Pemakaian Lebar Pita Frekuensi Video
conference Pelayanan video conference berdasarkan pemakaian lebar pita
frekuensi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Shared Bandwidth, pemakaian lebar pita secara bersama-sama dapat dipenuhi oleh
jaringan komunikasi seperti LAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Dedicated Bandwidth, pemakaian lebar pita frekuensi secara khusus atau
tersendiri, dapat dipenuhi oleh jaringan komunikasi seperti saluran terdedikasi
atau penyambung LAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Allocated Bandwdth, pengalokasian lebar pita frekuensi dapat dipenuhi oleh
jaringan komunikasi seperti pada system isochronus misalnya FDDI II, IEEE
802.9, Isochronus Ethernet (isoENET), 100mbps Ethernet dengan protocol prioritas
permintaan dan Cell Reley serta ATM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan sebuah user
interface adalah mengkomunikasikan fitur-fitur sistem yang tersedia agar user
mengerti dan dapat menggunakan sistem tersebut. Dalam hal ini penggunaan bahasa
amat efektif untuk membantu pengertian, karena bahasa merupakan alat tertua
barangkali kedua tertua setelah gesture yang dipakai orang untuk berkomunikasi
sehari-harinya. Praktis semua pengguna komputer dan Internet kecuali mungkin
anak kecil yang memakai komputer untuk belajar membaca dapat mengerti tulisan.
Meski pada umumnya panduan user interface menyarankan agar ikon tidak diberi
tulisan supaya tetap mandiri dari bahasa, namun elemen user interface lain
seperti teks pada tombol, caption window, atau teks-teks singkat di sebelah
kotak input dan tombol pilihan semua menggunakan bahasa. Tanpa bahasa pun
kadang ikon bisa tidak jelas maknanya, sebab tidak semua lambang ikon bisa
bersifat universal. keuntungan dan kerugian dari telematika<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.2 Manfaat Telematika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Manfaat telematika bagi masyarakat antara lain; dunia pendidikan, asosiasi,
para pengamat, industri itu sendiri,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Manfaat internet dalam e Business secara nyata dapat menekan biaya transaksi dan
berbisnis dan memberikan kemudahan dalam diversifikasi kebutuhan.<br />
2. Manfaat internet dalam e Goverment bisa meningkatkan kinerja pemerintah
dalam menyediakan informasi dan layanan untuk masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Dalam bidang kesehatan dan juga pendidikan secara nyata juga telah memberikan
nilah tambah bagi masyarakat luas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Telematika cukup memberi warna tersendiri dalam perekonomian nasional. Ditandai
dengan mulai maraknya sekelompok anak muda membangun bisnis baru menggunakan
teknologi Internet, maka Indonesia tak ketinggalan dalam booming perdagangan
elektronis / electronic commerce (e-commerce).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Pembangunan sektor Telematika diyakini akan memengaruhi perkembangan
sektor-sektor lainnya. Sebagaimana diyakini oleh organisasi telekomunikasi
dunia, ITU, yang konsisten menyatakan bahwa dengan asumsi semua persyaratan terpenuhi,
penambahan investasi di sektor telekomunikasi sebesar 1% akan mendorong
pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional sebesar 3%. Hipotesis ini telah terbukti
kebenarannya di Jepang, Korea, Kanada, Australia, negara-negara Eropa,
Skandinavia, dan lainnya.<br />
6. Sebagai core bisnis industry, perdagangan, efisensi dan peningkatan daya
saing perusahaan<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.3 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian
Telematika: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Tindakan kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan media internet. Contohnya,
tindakan yang disebut carding, adalah cyber crime dengan cara mencuri data
kartu kredit dari nasabah suatu bank, sehingga si pelaku carding (carder) dapat
menggunakan data tersebut untuk keuntungan pribadi. <br />
2. Penyebaran virus atau malicious ware fraud atau penipuan yang menggunakan
electronic mail sebagai alat penyebaran informasi bagi si penipu.<br />
3. Kejahatan Telematika sebagai Kejahatan Transnasional, Contoh kejahatan
transnasional ini adalah human trafficking, penyelundupan orang, narkotika,
atau teroris internasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Kejahatan telematika merugikan individu,missal Lima orang hacker (penyusup)
yang berada di Moskow telah mencuri sekitar 5400 data kartu kredit milik orang
Rusia dan orang asing yang didapat dengan menyusup pada sistem komputer
beberapa internet retailer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Kejahatan telematika merugikan perusahaan atau organisasi, Pada tahun 1995,
Julio Cesar Ardita, seorang mahasiswa dari Argentina berhasil menyusup dan
mengganti (cracking) data sistem yang ada di Fakultas Arts and Science
Universitas Harvard.<br />
6. Kejahatan telematika merugikan Negara, misalnya: Serangan yang paling
merugikan adalah pengrusakan yang dilakukan olehhacker asing pada situs
Kementrian keuangan Romania pada tahun 1999, sehingga merugikan pemerintah
Romania milyaran dollar. Serangan ini dilakukan dengan mengganti besaran kurs
mata uang Romania sehingga banyak pembayar pajak online yang terkecoh dengan
data yang telah diganti tersebut.5 Hanya sayangnya, kejahatan ini tidak
berlanjut ke pengadilan karena tidak adanya hukum yang mengatur kejahatan
telematika yang bersifat transnasional. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1.
KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
TELEMATIKA
kemudian merujuk pada perkembangan konvergensi antara teknologi telekomunikasi,
media dan informatika yang semula masing-masing berkembang secara terpisah.
Konvergensi TELEMATIKA kemudian dipahami sebagai sistem elektronik berbasiskan
teknologi digital atau (the Net).</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Contoh dari
hasil telematika yang paling populer adalah Internet. Dengan Internet semua
masyarakat di dunia dapat berkomunikasi dengan teknologi informasi yaitu
komputer / laptop dengan cangkupan yang sangat luas. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Lalu terdapat 6
teknologi yang terkait dengan antarmuka telematika yaitu yang pertama <b>Head
Up Display (HUD)</b> ini merupakan tampilan transparan yang menampilkan data
tanpa mengharuskan penggunanya untuk melihat kea rah lain dari sudut pandang
biasanya. Yang kedua adalah <b>Tangible User Interface</b> yaitu teknologi yang
memberikan kemudahan untuk berinteraksi dengan informasi digital melalui
lingkungan fisik. Yang ketiga adalah <b>Computer Vision</b> yaitu
teknologi data citranyadapat dalam berbagai bentuk. Yang keepat adalah <b>Browsing
Audio data</b> yaitu teknologi dengan menggunakan metode browsing jaringan yang
digunakan untuk browsing video/audio yang ditangkap oleh sebuah IP kamera. Yang
kelima adalah <b>Speech Recognition</b> yaitu teknologi yang bisa merubah suara
menjadi tulisan. Dan yang terakhir adalah <b>Speech Synthesis</b> yaitu
teknologi hasil kecerdasan buatan dari pembicaraan manusia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://ita-kyu-kiyut.blogspot.com/2010/11/fitur-fitur-interface-telematika.html<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://uriflabamba.blogspot.com/2009/12/fitur-pada-antar-muka-telematika.html<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://www.acehforum.com/search/TEKNOLOGI+TELEMATIKA<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://e-majalah.com/0508sucipto.html<br />
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://hotaruu.wordpress.com/2009/11/24/teknologi-layanan-dan-fitur-di-interface-telamatika/<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://id.wikipedia.org<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jurnal, “Kejahatan Telematika Sebagai
Kejahatan Transnasional” Oleh : Intan Innayatun Soeparna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://stttelematikacakrawala.wordpress.com<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>www.total.or.id</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://alafu59.wordpress.com/2013/11/01/kesimpulan-telematika/</span></div>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-78231557846177304272013-11-05T04:05:00.001-08:002013-11-05T04:05:27.730-08:00Tugas Fitur Pada Antar Muka Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKULTAS
ILMU KOMPUTER & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TUGAS
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">PENGEMBANGAN
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BERBASIS
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Depok</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tugas Pengantar Telematika. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jurusan Sistem
Informasi, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas
Gunadarma,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata kunci:
media pembelajaran, teknologi informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">ii</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i + 19 halaman</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media
pembelajaran dapat merupakan wahana penyalur pesan dan informasi belajar.Media
pembelajaran yang dirancang secara baik akan sangat membantu peserta didik
dalammencerna dan memahami materi pelajaran. Di era globalisasi dan informasi
ini,perkembangan media pembelajaran juga semakin maju.Penggunaan Teknologi
Informasi(TI) sebagai media pembelajaran sudah merupakan suatu
tuntutan.Walaupun perancanganmedia berbasis TI memerlukan keahlian khusus,
bukan berarti media tersebut dihindari danditinggalkan.Media pembelajaran
berbasis TI dapat berupa internet, intranet, mobile phone,dan CD Room/Flash
Disk. Adapun komponen utamanya meliputi <i>Learning Management</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">System
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dan <i>Learning Content (LC)</i>.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Daftar
Pustaka (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2012</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ii</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman
Judul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................................. </span>i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Abstraksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................... </span>ii</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ii</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span>1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.1
Pengertian Media Pembelajaran.......................................................4</span></div>
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Manfaat Media
Pembelajaran...........................................................6</span></div>
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Jenis-jenis Media..............................................................................8</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bab III ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teknologi Informasi (TI)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">..............................................................12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">19<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">iii</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan
adalah usaha sadar dan sistematis, yang dilakukan orang-orang yangdiserahi
tanggung jawab untuk mempengaruhi peserta didik agar mempunyai sifat dan
tabiatsesuai dengan cita-cita pendidikan (Achmad Munib, 2004). Oleh karena itu
pendidikandiharapkan benar-benar diarahkan untuk menjadikan peserta didik mampu
mencapai prosespendewasaan dan kemandirian.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemajuan
ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi memiliki pengaruh yang sangat besar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dalam
berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia. Pendidikan sebagai salah satu bagian yang
tidakterpisahkan dari proses pendewasaan manusia tentu di satu sisi memiliki
andil yang besar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bagi
pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi tersebut, namun di sisi lain
pendidikan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">juga
perlu memanfaatkan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi agar mampu mencapai</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tujuannya
secara efektif dan efisien.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemajuan
ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi telah berpengaruh terhadap penggunaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">alat-alat
bantu mengajar di sekolah-sekolah dan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan lainnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dewasa
ini pembelajaran di sekolah mulai disesuaikan dengan perkembangan teknologi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">informasi,
sehingga terjadi perubahan dan pergeseran paradigma pendidikan (Hujair, 2009).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hal
ini mengindikasikan bahwa penggunaan teknologi informasi dalam proses
pembelajaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">di
kelas, sudah menjadi suatu kebutuhan sekaligus tuntutan di era global ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Guna
meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi pembelajaran, perlu dikembangkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berbagai
model pembelajaran yang kreatif dan inovatif. Hal ini perlu dilakukan agar
proses</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
tidak terkesan kurang menarik, monoton dan membosankan sehingga akan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">menghambat
terjadinya <i>transfer of knowledge. </i>Oleh karena itu peran media dalam
proses</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
menjadi penting karena akan menjadikan proses pembelajaran tersebut menjadi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lebih
bervariasi dan tidak membosankan.</span></div>
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hakikatnya proses pembelajaran merupakan proses komunikasi atau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penyampaian
pesan dari pengantar ke penerima.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pesan
berupa materi pelajaran yangdituangkan ke dalam simbol-simbol komunikasi baik
verbal (kata-kata dan tulisan) maupunnonverbal. Pesan inilah yang akan
ditangkap oleh peserta didik sebagai sebuah pengetahuan,keterampilan maupun nilai-nilai
yang dapat digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Agar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pesan
tersebut tersampaikan secara efektif tentu membutuhkan sarana atau media yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">memadai.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
kenyataannya retensi siswa atau daya tangkap siswa sangat dipengaruhi oleh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">model
aktivitas belajar yang dilakukan guru. Siswa hanya dapat menyerap 5% bahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
apabila aktivitas ceramah dilakukan oleh guru dalam membelajarkan siswa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan
apabila aktivitas belajar dilakukan dengan teman sebaya, daya retensi siswa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mencapai
90%.</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gambar
1. Piramida Pembelajaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penelitian
Eyler dan Giles (dalam Widharyanto, 2003) membuktikan bahwa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">keefektifan
pembelajaran dipengaruhi oleh media yang digunakan guru.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mereka
menemukanbahwa model pembelajaran yang letaknya paling atas dalam kerucut,
yakni pembelajaranyang hanya melibatkan symbol-simbol verbal melalui sajian
teks adalah pembelajaran yangmenghasilkan tingkat abstraksi paling
tinggi.Pembelajaran yang paling efektif adalahpembelajaran yang berada pada
dasar kerucut, yakni terlibat langsung dengan pengalamanpengalamanbelajar yang
bertujuan. Tingkat abstraksi pada model pembelajaran ini sangat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">rendah
sehingga memudahkan siswa dalam menyerap pengetahuan dan keterampilan baru.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.1. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengertian Media Pembelajaran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
Depdiknas (2003) istilah media berasal dari bahasa Latin yang merupakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bentuk jamak
dari “medium” yang secara harafiah berarti perantara atau pengantar. Makna</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">umumnya adalah
segala sesuatu yang dapat menyalurkan informasi dari sumber informasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kepada penerima
informasi. Proses belajar mengajar pada dasarnya juga merupakan proses</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">komunikasi,
sehingga media yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran disebut media</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran.
Media pembelajaran merupakan bagian dari sumber belajar yang merupakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kombinasi antara
perangkat lunak (bahan belajar) dan perangkat keras (alat belajar).</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Association for
Education and Communication Technology (AECT), </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengartikan kata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">media sebagai
segala bentuk dan saluran yang dipergunakan untuk proses informasi. <i>National</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Education
Association (NEA) </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mendefinisikan
media sebagai segala benda yang dapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dimanipulasikan,
dilihat, didengar, dibaca atau dibicarakan beserta instrumen yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dipergunakan
untuk kegiatan tersebut. Sedangkan HEINICH, dkk (1982) mengartikan istilah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">media sebagai <i>“the
term refer to anything that carries information between a source and a</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">receiver”.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sementara,
Marshall McLuhan (dalam Oemar Hamalik, 2003: 201) berpendapat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bahwa media
adalah suatu ekstensi manusia yang memungkinkannya mempengaruhi orang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lain yang tidak
mengadakan kontak langsung dengan dia. Sesuai dengan rumusan ini, media</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">komunikasi
mencakup surat-surat, televisi, film dan telepon, bahwa jalan raya dan jalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kereta api
merupakan media yang memungkinkan seseorang berkomunikasi dengan orang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lebih lanjut
Oemar Hamalik membedakan pengertian media menjadi dua yaitu dalamarti sempit
dan dalam arti luas. Dalam arti sempit, media pengajaran hanya meliputi
mediayang dapat digunakan secara efektif dalam proses pengajaran yang
terencana, sedangkandalam artian luas, media tidak hanya meliputi media
komunikasi elektronik yang kompleks,tetapi juga mencakup alat-alat sederhana,
seperti slide, fotografi, diagram, dan bagan buatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">guru,
objek-objek nyata, serta kunjungan ke luar sekolah. Sejalan dengan pandangan
itu,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">guru-guru pun
dianggap sebagai media penyajian, di samping radio dan televisi karena samasama</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">membutuhkan dan
menggunakan banyak waktu untuk menyampaikan informasi kepada</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">siswa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Romiszowski
(dalam Oemar Hamalik, 2003: 201) merumuskan media pengajaran</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“….as the
carries of massages, from some transmitting source (which may be a human being</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">or an intimate
object), to the receiver of the massages (which is our case is the learner)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun Djamarah
dan Aswan (2002: 136) mendefinisikan media sebagai alat bantu apa saja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang dapat
dijadikan sebagai wahana penyalur informasi belajar atau penyalur pesan guna</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mencapai tujuan
pembelajaran. Dalam konteks media sebagai sumber belajar, maka secara</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">luas media dapat
diartikan dengan manusia, benda, ataupun peristiwa yang memungkinkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">peserta didik
memperoleh pengetahuan dan ketrampilan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada hakikatnya
berbagai batasan yang dikemukakan di atas mengandung pengertian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dasar yang sama.
Dalam berkomunikasi kita membutuhkan media atau sarana. Secara umum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">makna media
adalah apa saja yang dapat menyalurkan informasi dari sumber Informasi ke</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penerima
informasi. Jadi media pembelajaran merupakan “perangkat lunak” <i>(Software) </i>yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berupa pesan
atau informasi pendidikan yang disajikan dengan memakai suatu peralatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bantu<i>(Hardware)
</i>agar pesan/informasi tersebut dapat sampai kepada mahasiswa. Di sini</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">jelas bahwa
media berbeda dengan peralatan tetapi keduanya merupakan unsur-unsur yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">saling terkait
satu sama lain dalam usaha menyampaikan pesan/informasi pendidikan kepada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mahasiswa.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dengan demikian
dapat disimpulkan bahwa (a) media merupakan wadah dari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pesan yang oleh
sumber atau penyalurnya ingin diteruskan kepada sasaran atau penerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pesan tersebut,
dan (b) bahwa materi yang ingin disampaikan adalah pesan pembelajaran, dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bahwa tujuan
yang ingin dicapai adalah terjadinya proses belajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.2</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Manfaat Media Pembelajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap materi
pembelajaran mempunyai tingkat kesukaran yang bervariasi. Pada satu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sisi ada bahan
pembelajaran yang tidak memerlukan media pembelajaran, tetapi di sisi lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ada bahan
pembelajaran yang memerlukan media pembelajaran. Materi pembelajaran yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mempunyai
tingkat kesukaran tinggi tentu sukar dipahami oleh siswa, apalagi oleh siswa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang kurang
menyukai materi pembelajaran yang disampaikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keberadaan media
pembelajaran sebagai alat bantu dalam proses pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">merupakan suatu
kenyataan yang tidak bisa dipungkiri. Guru sebagai penyampai pesan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">memiliki
kepentingan yang besar untuk memudahkan tugasnya dalam menyampaikan pesan-pesan
atau materi pembelajaran kepada peserta didik. Guru juga menyadari bahwa tanpa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">media, materi
pembelajaran akan sulit untuk dapat dicerna dan dipahami oleh siswa,
apalagibila materi pembelajaran yang harus disampaikan tergolong rumit dan
kompleks. Untuk itu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penggunaan media
mutlak harus dilakukan agar materi dapat sampai ke peserta didik secara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">efektif dan
efisien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Secara umum,
manfaat media dalam proses pembelajaran adalah memperlancar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">interaksi antara
guru dan siswa sehingga kegiatan pembelajaran akan lebih efektif dan efisien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tetapi secara
khusus ada beberapa manfaat media yang lebih rinci. Kemp dan Dayton (dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Depdiknas, 2003)
mengidentifikasikan beberapa manfaat media dalam pembelajaran yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Penyampaian
materi pelajaran dapat diseragamkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Proses
pembelajaran menjadi lebih jelas dan menarik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Proses
pembelajaran menjadi lebih interaktif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Efisiensi
dalam waktu dan tenaga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Meningkatkan
kualitas hasil belajar siswa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Media memungkinkan
proses belajar dapat dilakukan di mana saja dan kapan saja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. Media dapat
menumbuhkan sikap positif siswa terhadap materi dan proses belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. Mengubah
peran guru ke arah yang lebih positif dan produktif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain beberapa
manfaat media seperti yang dikemukakan di atas, masih terdapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">beberapa manfaat
praktis. Manfaat praktis media pembelajaran tersebut adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Media dapat
membuat materi pelajaran yang abstrak menjadi lebih konkret</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Media juga
dapat mengatasi kendala keterbatasan ruang dan waktu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Media dapat
membantu mengatasi keterbatasan indera manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Media dapat
menyajikan objek pelajaran berupa benda atau peristiwa langka dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berbahaya ke
dalam kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Informasi
pelajaran yang disajikan dengan media yang tepat akan memberikan kesan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mendalam dan
lebih lama tersimpan pada diri siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
beberapa pendapat di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara praktis media</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
memiliki beberapa manfaat, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Mengkonkretkan konsep-konsep yang bersifat abstrak, sehingga dapat mengurangi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">verbalisme.
Misalnya dengan menggunakan gambar, skema, grafik, model, dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Membangkitkan
motivasi, sehingga dapat memperbesar perhatian individual siswa untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">seluruh anggota
kelompok belajar sebab jalannya pelajaran tidak membosankan dan tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">monoton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Memfungsikan
seluruh indera siswa, sehingga kelemahan dalam salah satu indera (misal:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mata atau
telinga) dapat diimbangi dengan kekuatan indera lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Mendekatkan
dunia teori/konsep dengan realita yang sukar diperoleh dengan cara-cara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lain selain
menggunakan media pembelajaran. Misalnya untuk memberikan pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tentang pola
bumi, anak tidak mungkin memperoleh pengalaman secara langsung. Maka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dibuatlah globe
sebagai model dari bola bumi. Demikian juga benda-benda lain yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">terlalu besar
atau terlalu kecil, gejala-gejala yang gerakannya terlalu cepat atau terlalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lambat,
gejala-gejala/objek yang berbahaya maupun sukar didapat, hal-hal yang terlalu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kompleks dan
sebagainya, semuanya dapat diperjelas menggunakan media pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Meningkatkan
kemungkinan terjadinya interaksi langsung antar siswa dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lingkungannya.
Misalnya dengan menggunakan rekaman, eksperimen, karyawisata, dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sebagainya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Memberikan
uniformitas atau keseragaman dalam pengamatan, sebab daya tangkap setiap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">siswa akan
berbeda-beda tergantung dari pengalaman serta intelegensi masing-masing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">siswa. Misalnya
persepsi tentang gajah, dapat diperoleh uniformitas dalam pengamatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kalau binatang
itu diamati langsung atau tiruannya saja dibawa ke depan kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. Menyajikan
informasi belajar secara konsisten dan dapat diulang maupun disimpan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">menurut
kebutuhan. Misalnya berupa rekaman, film, slide, gambar, foto, modul, dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.3</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Jenis-jenis Media</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
kategori media, Paul dan David (1999) melalui Rishe (2007)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berpendapat
bahwa ada enam kategori, yaitu media yang tidak diproyeksikan, media yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">diproyeksikan,
media audio, media film dan video, multimedia, dan media berbasis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">komunikasi.
Sementara, menurut Schramm mengkategorikan media dari dua segi: dari segi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kompleksitas dan
besarnya biaya dan menurut kemampuan daya liputannya. Briggs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengidentifikasikan
tiga belas macam media pembelajaran yaitu objek, model, suara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">langsung,
rekaman audio, media cetak, pembelajaran terprogram, papan tulis, media</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">transparansi,
film rangkai, film bingkai, film televise, dan film gambar. Gagne menyebutkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tujuh macam
pengelompokkan media, yaitu benda untuk didemostrasikan, komunikasi lisan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">media cetak,
gambar diam, gambar gerak, film bersuara, dan mesin belajar. Menurut Edling,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ada enam macam
media pembelajaran yaitu kodifikasi subjektif visual, dan kodifikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">objektif audio,
kodifikasi subjektif audio, dan kodifikasi objektif visual, pengalaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">langsung dengan
orang, dan pengalaman langsung dengan benda-benda. Soeparno (1988),</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berpendapat
bahwa klasifikasi media dilakukan dengan menggunakan tiga unsure</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berdasarkan
karakteristiknya, berdasarkan dimensi presentasinya, dan berdasarkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pemakaiannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bretz (dalam
Hujair., 2009) mengidentifikasi ciri utama dari media menjadi tiga unsur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pokok, yaitu
suara, visual, dan gerak. Visual dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu gambar, garis,
dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">simbol yang
merupakan suatu kontinum dari bentuk yang dapat ditangkap dengan indera</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">penglihatan. Di
samping itu, Bretz juga membedakan antara media siar <i>(telecommunication)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan media rekam <i>(recording)
</i>sehingga terdapat delapan klasifikasi media: (1) media audio</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">visual gerak,
(2) media audio visual diam, (3) media audio visual semi gerak, (3) media</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">visual gerak,
(5) media visual diam, (6) media semi gerak, (7) media audio, dan (8) media</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">cetak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dengan
menggunakan media pembelajaran secara tepat dan bervariasi dengan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pengalaman suara
(audio), penglihatan (visual), dan pengalaman gerakan dapat diatasi sikap</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pasif peserta
didik dalam pembelajaran. Contoh dari masing-masing media tersebut di atas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tampak pada
Tabel 1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tabel 1.
Jenis-Jenis Media Menurut Bretz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">9</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sumber: Arief S.
Sadiman, dkk., 2006</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari berbagai
ragam dan bentuk dari media pengajaran, pengelompokan atas media</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan sumber
belajar ekonomi dapat juga ditinjau dari jenisnya, yaitu media audio, media</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">visual, media
audio-visual, dan media serba neka.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. media audio:
radio, piringan hitam, pita audio, tape recorder dan telepon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. media visual</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. media visual
diam: foto, buku, ensiklopedia, majalah, surat kabar, buku referensi, dan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">barang hasil
cetakan lain, gambar, ilustrasi, kliping, film bingkai, film rangkai,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">transparansi,
mikrofis, overhead proyektor, grafik, bagan, diagram dan sketsa, poster,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gambar kartun,
peta dan globe</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. media visual
gerak: film bisu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. media
audio-visual</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. media
audiovisual diam: televisi diam, slide dan suara, film rangkai dan suara, buku</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan suara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Media audio
visual gerak: video, CD, film rangkai dan suara, televisi, gambar dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">suara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. media serba
neka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. papan dan
display: papan tulis, papan pamer/pengumuman/majalah dinding, papan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">magnetic, <i>whiteboard</i>,
mesin pengganda</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Media tiga
dimensi: realia, sampel, artifact, model, diorama, display</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. media teknik
dramatisasi: drama, pantomim, bermain peran, demonstrasi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pawai/karnaval,
pedalangan/panggung boneka, simulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d. sumber
belajar pada masyarakat: kerja lapangan, studi wisata, perkemahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e. belajar
terprogram</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">f. komputer</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran
Berbasis Teknologi Informasi (TI)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di era
globalisasi dan informasi ini penggunaan media pembelajaran berbasis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknologi
Informasi (TI) menjadi sebuah kebutuhan dan tuntutan namun dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">implementasinya
bukanlah merupakan hal yang mudah. Dalam menggunakan media tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">harus
memperhatikan beberapa teknik agar media yang dipergunakan itu dapat
dimanfaatkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dengan maksimal
dan tidak menyimpang dari tujuan media tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arief S.
Sadiman, dkk (2006) mengatakan bahwa ditinjau dari kesiapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pengadaannya,
media dikelompokkan dalam dua jenis, yaitu media jadi karena merupakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">komoditi
perdagangan yang terdapat di pasaran luas dalam keadaan siap pakai <i>(media by</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">utilization) </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan media
rancangan yang perlu dirancang dan dipersiapkan secara khusus untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">maksud dan
tujuan pembelajaran tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari pernyataan
tersebut di atas dapat dikategorikan bahwa media Komputer dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LCD Proyektor
meupakan media rancangan yang di dalam penggunaannya sangat diperlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">perancangan khusus
dan didesain sedemikian rupa agar dapat dimanfaatkan. Perangkat keras</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(hardware) </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang difungsikan
dalam menginspirasikan media tersebut adalah menggunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">satu unit
komputer lengkap yang sudah terkoneksikan dengan LCD Proyektor. Dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">demikian media
ini hendaknya menarik perhatian siswa dalam proses pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknologi
jaringan komputer/internet memberi manfaat bagi pemakainya untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">melakukan
komunikasi secara langsung dengan pemakai lainnya. Hal ini dimungkinkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dengan
diciptakannya sebuah alat bernama <i>modem</i>. Jaringan komputer/internet
memberi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kemungkinan bagi
pesertanya untuk melakukan komunikasi tertulis dan saling bertukar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pikiran tentang
kegiatan belajar yang mereka lakukan. Jaringan komputer dapat dirancang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sedemikian rupa
agar dosen dapat berkomunikasi dengan mahasiswa dan mahasiswa dapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">melakukan
interaksi belajar dengan mahasiswa yang lain.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Interaksi
pembelajaran dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">menggunakan
jaringan komputer tidak saja dapat dilakukan secara individual, tetapi juga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">untuk menunjang
kegiatan belajar kelompok. Pemanfaatan jaringan komputer dalam sistem</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pendidikan jarak
jauh dikenal juga dengan istilah <i>Computer Conferencing System </i>(CCF).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biasanya sistem
ini dilakukan melalui surat elektronik atau E-mail. Beberapa kelebihan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pemanfaatan
jaringan komputer dalam sistem pendidikan jarak jauh yaitu: dapat memperkaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">model-model
tutorial, dapat memecahkan masalah belajar yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">waktu yang lebih
singkat dan dapat mengatasi hambatan ruang dan waktu dalam memperoleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">informasi. CCF
memberi kemungkinan bagi mahasiswa dan dosen untuk melakukan interaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
langsung antar individu, individu dengan kelompok, dan kelompok dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kelompok (Mason,
1994 dalam Benny A. Pribadi dan Tita Rosita, 2002:13-14)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I Ketut Gede
Darma Putra (2009) mengemukakan beberapa media yang dapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">digunakan dalam
pembelajaran berbasis TI, adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Internet</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Internet adalah
media sesungguhnya dalam pendidikan berbasis TI, karena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">perkembangan
internet kemudian muncul model-model <i>e-learning, distance learning,</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">web base
learning</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
dan istilah pendidikan berbasis TI lainnya. Internet merupakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">jaringan
komputer global yang mempermudah, mempercepat akses dan distribusi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">informasi dan
pengetahuan (materi pembelajaran) sehingga materi dalam proses belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengajar selalu
dapat diperbaharui. Sudah seharusnya dalam penerapan pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berbasis TI
tersedia akses internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saat ini wilayah
Indonesia yang terjangkau jaringan internet semakin meluas hal ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sebagai dampak
dari perkembangan yang pesat dari jaringan telekomunikasi. Mulai dari</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">jaringan telepon
rumah/kantor, jaringan Speedy telkom, leased line ISP, sampai dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">komunikasi
melalui GPRS, 3G, HSDPA dengan memanfaatkan modem GSM dan CDMA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dari provider
seluler adalah sederetan teknologi yang dapat digunakan untuk akses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">internet. Dengan
kata lain, saat ini tersedia banyak pilihan teknologi untuk melakukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">koneksi pada
jaringan global.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">13</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Intranet</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apabila
penyediaan infrastruktur internet mengalami suatu hambatan, maka intranet dapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dijadikan
alternatif sebagai media pendidikan berbasis TI. Karakteristik intranet hampir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sama dengan
internet, hanya saja untuk area lokal (dalam suatu kelas, sekolah, gedung,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">atau antar
gedung). Model-model pembelajaran sinkron dan tidak sinkron dapat dengan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mudah dan lebih
murah dijalankan pada intranet. Menurut penulis, pada kondisi-kondisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tertentu
intranet justru dapat menjadi pilihan tepat dalam menerapkan pendidikan
berbasis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Mobile Phone</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembelajaran
berbasis TI juga dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan media telpon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">seluler, hal ini
dapat dilakukan karena kemajuan teknologi telpon seluler yang pesat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seseorang bisa
mengakses materi pembelajaran, mengikuti pembelajaran melalui telpon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">seluler. Begitu
canggihnya perkembangan teknologi ini sampai memunculkan istilah baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dalam
pembelajaran berbasis TI yang disebut <i>M-learning </i>(<i>mobile learning</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. CD-ROM/Flash
Disk</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media CD-ROM
atau flash disk dapat menjadi pilihan apabila koneksi jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">internet/intranet
tidak tersedia. Materi pembelajaran disimpan dalam media tersebut,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kemudian dibuka
pada suatu komputer. Pemanfaatan media CD-ROM/flash disk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">merupakan bentuk
pembelajaran berbasis TI yang paling sederhana dan paling murah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selain itu I
Ketut Gede Darma Putra (2009) Ada 2 komponen utama dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
berbasis TI, yaitu <i>Learning Management System </i>(LMS), dan <i>Learning
Content</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LC<i>)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. <i>Learning
Management System</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada suatu
ungkapan yang menyatakan “<i>if learning content is king, then infrastructure</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(LMS) is god</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”. Ungkapan
tersebut menunjukkan betapa pentingnya komponen LMS dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
berbasis TI. LMS merupakan suatu sistem komputer yang dapat diibaratkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sebagai staff
administrasi yang akan mengatur penyelenggaraan proses belajar mengajar.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">14</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berikut adalah
beberapa fungsi dari LMS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Mengelola
materi pembelajaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap mata
pelajaran akan memiliki materi pembelajaran. Setiap materi pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">akan
dikelompokkan berdasarkan kelas (seperti kelas 1, 2, 3) dan juga semester. Pada</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">setiap semester,
materi pembelajaran akan dikelompokkan berdasarkan pertemuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pertama, kedua,
ketiga, dan seterusnya. Setiap materi pembelajaran kemudian dapat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengalami
perubahan atas dasar pergantian kurikulum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kondisi di atas
akan menjadi rumit ketika kita mencoba untuk menjawab pertanyaanpertanyaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">berikut ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1) Bagaimana
kemudian kalau ada puluhan mata pelajaran dengan ratusan materi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2) Bagaimana
caranya agar peserta (siswa) tidak salah masuk kelas (tidak salah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengambil materi
pembelajaran)?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3) Bagaimana
kemudian kalau pengajar ingin menambah atau memperbaiki materi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
pada suatu semester tertentu?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4) Bagaimana
caranya dalam proses belajar mengajar dapat membandingkan materi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
dari kurikulum yang berbeda atau dari meteri tahun sebelumnya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5) Dan banyak
pertanyaan lainnya yang dapat membuat keadaan dalam proses belajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengajar
berbasis TI menjadi ruwet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan-pertanyaan
ruwet di atas akan menjadi begitu mudah bila proses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
memiliki LMS. Inilah peran pertama LMS yang mampu mengelola materi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran dan
memandu pengajar dan peserta dalam proses belajar mengajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Registrasi
dan Persetujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LMS dapat
melakukan pendaftaran para peserta pembelajaran dan melakukan hal-hal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">yang bersifat
persetujuan apabila ada kondisi yang membutuhkan persetujuan dalam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran.
Fungsi ini juga bermanfaat dalam membatasi mereka yang berhak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengikuti
pelajaran dengan mereka yang tidak berhak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Merekam
aktifitas belajar mengajar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peran ketiga
dari LMS adalah merekam aktifitas belajar mengajar. Peran ini akan mampu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">menjawab
pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti: berapa lama, kapan mulai, kapan berakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">proses belajar
mengajar (mengakses materi pembelajaran), siapa saja yang hadir, proses</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">diskusi (tanya
jawab) yang terjadi, dan memberikan peringatan kepada peserta.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">15</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d. Melakukan
evaluasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi keempat
LMS adalah melakukan evaluasi terhadap proses belajar mengajar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">menyangkut:
mengukur kemajuan peserta antara sebelum melakukan pembelajaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dengan sesudah
pembelajaran, mengukur seberapa jauh pemahaman peserta terhadap</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">materi, dan atas
dasar hasil evaluasi kemudian memberikan saran ke peserta untuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengulang
kembali beberapa materi pembelajaran yang dianggap kurang. Aspek evaluasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lain yang bisa
dilakukan adalah mengukur kepuasan atau persepsi peserta terhadap materi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
terutama dalam hal penyajian materi. Bagaimanapun ada korelasi yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tinggi antara
kemampuan daya serap peserta dengan cara penyajian materi pembelajaran.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e. Media
komunikasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">LMS dapat
menjadi media komunikasi, menyampaikan pengumuman, meningkatkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">interaktifitas
antara pengajar, peserta, dan pihak administrator.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">f. Pelaporan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muara akhir dari
fungsi-fungsi di atas adalah pembuatan pelaporan otomatis dan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">transparan
menyangkut hasil dari proses belajar mengajar. Pembuatan laporan dapat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dibuat
berdasarkan hak-hak akses dari komponen sekolah. Sebagai contoh pelaporan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">untuk pimpinan
(pihak atasan), pengajar, peserta bahkan mungkin orang tua dapat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengakses dengan
fasilitas yang berbeda-beda.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <i>Learning
Content</i></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Learning content
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah
materi pembelajaran itu sendiri, yang akan disajikan kepada</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">peserta
pembelajaran. Isi materi harus dibuat oleh mereka yang punya kompetensi di</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">bidangnya, tidak
peduli apakah mereka memahami banyak tentang TI atau tidak. Setelah isi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">materi selesai
dibuat baru kemudian dibuatkan versi elektroniknya oleh para pengembang</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">content</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<i>content
developers</i>) sehingga bisa dimasukkan ke LMS.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyajian <i>content
</i>harus mengandung daya tarik sehingga peserta memiliki minat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">untuk membaca
(mempelajari), mengandung unsur-unsur animasi, suara, video, interaktif,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan simulasi,
namun demikian harus tetap memperhatikan <i>bandwidth </i>dari internet atau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">intranet
sehingga tidak terlalu lambat tampil saat dipelajari oleh peserta.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam
mempelajari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">materi, peserta
harus memiliki kontrol terhadap penyajian materi, dapat melompat dari satu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">topik ke topik
yang lainnya. Fasilitas <i>forum, chatting</i>, dan <i>video conference </i>dapat
digunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">untuk menjaga
interaktivitas.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">17</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Media pembelajaran dapat merupakan wahana penyalur pesan dan informasi belajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media
pembelajaran yang dirancang secara baik akan sangat membantu peserta didik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dalam
mencerna dan memahami materi pelajaran. Fungsi media dalam kegiatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
bukan sekedar alat peraga bagi guru melainkan sebagai pembawa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">informasi/pesan
pembelajaran. Masing-masing jenis media pembelajaran memiliki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">karakteristik,
kelebihan serta kekurangannya. Itulah sebabnya maka perlu adanya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">perencanaan
yang sistematis untuk penggunaan media pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Di era globalisasi dan informasi ini, perkembangan media pembelajaran juga
semakin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">maju.
Penggunaan Teknologi Informasi (TI) sebagai media pembelajaran sudah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">merupakan
suatu tuntutan. Walaupun perancangan media berbasis TI memerlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">keahlian
khusus, bukan berarti media tersebut dihindari dan ditinggalkan. Media</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">pembelajaran
berbasis TI dapat berupa internet, intranet, mobile phone, dan CD</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Room/Flash
Disk. Adapun komponen utamanya meliputi <i>Learning Management System</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(LMS),
dan <i>Learning Content (LC)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Penggunaan media pembelajaran ekonomi dapat memperlancar proses pembelajaran
dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengoptimalkan
hasil belajar untuk itu sebagai pendidik seyogyanya mampu memilih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan
mengembangkan media yang tepat agar proses pembelajaran dapat berjalan lebih</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">efektif
dan efisien.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">18</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Achmad Munib
(2004) <i>Pengantar Ilmu Pendidikan</i>. Semarang: UPT MKK UNNES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arief S.
Sadiman, dkk (2006) <i>Media Pendidikan: Pengertian, Pengembangan, dan</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemanfaatannya.
Edisi Pertama. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jakarta:
PT Raja Grafindo Persada</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Depdiknas (2003)
<i>Media Pembelajaran.</i>Jakarta : Depdiknas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Djamarah,
Syaiful Bahri dan Aswan Zain, 2002, <i>Strategi Belajar Mengajar</i>, Cetakan
Kedua,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Heinich, Robert,
Michael Molenda, James D. Russel, (1982) <i>Instructional Media: and the</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">New Technology
of Instruction</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
New York: Jonh Wily and Sons.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hujair AH.Sanaky
(2009) <i>Media Pembelajaran.</i>Yogyakarta: Safiria Insania Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I Ketut Gede
Darma Putra (2009) <i>Pendidikan Berbasis Teknologi Informasi.</i>Makalah ini</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">disampaikan pada
Rakorda Disdikpora Bali – 10 Maret 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oemar Hamalik
(2003) <i>Media Pendidikan</i>, Cetakan VI, Bandung: PT Citra Aditya Bakti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Soeparno
(1988).<i>Media Pengajaran Bahasa</i>. Jakarta: PT Inter-Pariwisata.</span></div>
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Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-87590054028688686922013-11-05T04:00:00.001-08:002013-11-05T04:00:25.603-08:00Tugas Teknologi Wireless dan Terminal (Pengantar Telematika)<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKULTAS
ILMU KOMPUTER & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TUGAS
PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TEKNOLOGI </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">CARA KERJA WIRELESS DAN TERMINAL </span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nama & NPM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latifah | 13110973</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 133.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Novika Ari Pahlawati | 1</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">5110</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">080</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 133.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Restu Anjani | 15110772</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Fakultas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jurusan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4KA11</span><br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Depok</span></b> </div>
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<b>2013 </b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ABSTRAK</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">SI</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latifah.
13110973</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Novika Ari
Pahlawati. 15110080</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Restu Anjani. 15110772</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TEKNOLOGI CARA KERJA WIRELESS DAN TERMINAL</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tugas Pengantar Telematika.
Jurusan Sistem Informasi, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi,
Universitas Gunadarma, 2013</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata
kunci: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">wireless</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, teknologi informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">ii</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i + 16
halaman</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">)</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jaringan
wireless adalah jaringan yang mengkoneksikan dua komputer atau lebih
menggunakan sinyal radio, cocok untuk berbagi-pakai file, printer, atau akses
Internet.Bila ingin mengkoneksikan dua komputer atau lebih di lokasi yang sukar
atau tidak mungkin untuk memasang kabel jaringan, sebuah jaringan wireless
(tanpa kabel) mungkin cocok untuk diterapkan. Setiap PC pada jaringan wireless
dilengkapi dengan sebuah radio tranceiver, atau biasanya disebut adapter atau
kartu wireless LAN, yang akan mengirim dan menerima sinyal radio dari dan ke PC
lain dalam jaringan. Anda akan mendapatkan banyak adapter dengan konfigurasi
internal dan eksternal, baik untuk PC desktop maupun notebook.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">erminaladalah
Peralatan yang mengakses layanan melalui jaringan yang sifatnya remote atau
terpisah melalui sebuah saluran telekomunikasi.<span class="apple-style-span">Fungsi
dasarnya adalah untuk berhubungan dengan komputer host. Terminal juga dikenali
dengan beberapa istilah, seperti: CRT – Cathode Ray Tube, VDT -Video Display
Terminal atau display station.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Daftar Pustaka
(2012-2013)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Halaman
Judul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................................. </span>i</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abstraksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................... </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ii</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daftar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................................................ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">iii</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">1</span></div>
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</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Masalah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span>1</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.2
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Penelitian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................................ </span>2</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span>3</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.1 Sejarah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nirkabel (wireless) Awal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">..................................................... </span>3</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Topologi Wireless LAN</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span>3</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bab III ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................... </span>8</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.1 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cara KerjaJaringan Wireless</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">............................................................. </span>8</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.2 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mode Koneksi Wireless</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................... </span>11</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cara Kerja Terminal</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.......................................................................... </span>11</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab IV PENUTUP</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span>15</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.1 Kesimpulan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................................... </span>15</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saran</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................................. </span>15</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span>16</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<div class="Section3">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">1.1. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengembangan
Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) merupakan salah satu prioritas yang penting dan strategis
dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%;">perkembangan dunia saat ini</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. Keberhasilan pengembangkan SDM
seperti yang dicanangkan dalam GBHN hanya mungkin terlaksana jika ditunjang sebuah
sistem informasi yang dapat di akses dan di dukung keberadaannya oleh SDM </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%;">yang bersangkutan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. Sistem informasi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%;">tersebut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">dapat meliputi integrasi berbagai perpustakaan, jurnal
ilmiah, majalah ilmiah dan media elektronik. Dengan pesatnya perkembangan dunia
komputer, keberadaan sebuah system informasi elektronik berbasis komputer /
jaringan komputer yang mengkaitkan berbagai perguruan tinggi dan lembaga penelitian
di Indonesia sifatnya sangat stategis dalam menumpu perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan
& teknologi Indonesia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
era globalisasi dan komputerisasi, system informasi elektronik tidak hanya memegang
peranan yang sangat strategis dalam membentuk SDM akan tetapi juga berbagai unsure
pembangun. Integrasi berbagai informasi yang ada dilapangan akan menjadi sangat
strategis sekali sifatnya dalam melakukan perencanaan / antisipasi dan pengendalian.
Hal ini sangat diperlukan untuk melakukan melakukan justifikasi kebijakan-kebijakan
pada tingkat nasional maupun regional. Tanpa didukung sistemi nformasi yang
integral akan sulit sekali bagi berbagai unsure pembangun untuk melakukan antisipasi
maupun perencanaan pembangunan untuk jangka panjang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konvergensi
digital tidak hanya menghasilkan device-device yang mampu memenuhi berbagai
fungsi, namun juga menghasilkan device yang memiliki kapasitas penyimpanan data
yang tinggi. Beberapa pengguna terkadang memiliki keinginan untuk bertukar
informasi melalui data yang terdapat dalam device yang mereka gunakan. Akan
tetapi, tidak semua device yang berada di pasaran menggunakan standard
removable storage yang serupa seperti Compact Flash atau Secure Digital/Multi
Media Card. Bahkan pada beberapa device tidak terdapat mekanisme removable
storage seperti flash memory. Hal ini tentunya membatasi pertukaran data dari
segi fisik. Interkoneksi data yang selama ini ada selalu menggunakan kabel
sebagai “jembatan penyeberangan”. Namun,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan kabel berarti pengguna harus membawa peralatan ekstra yang
mengurangi fleksibilitas. Meskipun efektif, namun di perjalanan, bukan hal yang
mudah untuk membawa banyak peralatan sekaligus.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Tampaknya produsen device
digital tidak tinggal diam menghadapi permintaan konsumen yang menginginkan
perpindahan data yang mudah. Dengan permasalahan ini, muncullah device-device
dengan alat interkoneksi wireless yang terintegrasi. Dengan tersedianya
interkoneksi wireless, perpindahan data menjadi semudah mempertemukan kedua
alat tersebut tanpa adanya kontak fisik ataupun alat bantuan lainnya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2
METODE PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
penelitian terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu metode kualitatif dan metode kuantitatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ada kesempatan kali ini
kelompok kami menggunakan metode kualitatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntuk menyempurnkan penulisan kami maka kelompok kami
mencari bahan referensi melalui:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Kami mencari data-data dan
artikel tentang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">carakerja
wireless dan terminal.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Kelompok kami menggunakan
buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan pengatar telematika sebagai penunjang, untuk
digunakan sebagai bahan referensi.</span></div>
</div>
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</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1. SEJARAH NIRKABEL (WIRELESS) AWAL</span></b></div>
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</div>
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</span>
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<div class="Section5">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah wireless diawali ketika protype telegraf radio
pertama di dunia diciptakan. Pada tahun 1895 seorang siswa bernama Guglielmo
Marconi yang berminat dengan teori gelombang radio yang dipelajari di dalam
kelas. Didorong oleh minat yang tinggi pada ilmu radio. Marconi mengambil
inisiatif sendiri dengan menciptakan prototype telegraf radio pertama di dunia.
13 May 1987 Marconi sukses memancarkan signal telegrafi pertama, dengan pesan “
apakah anda bersedia?” Melintasi selat Inggrris, dimana ketika itu Guglielmo
marconi baru saja berumur 22 tahun. Keberhasilan tersebout menjadi tonggak
sejarah jaringan wireless yang atau titik awal revolusi teknologo
telekomunikasi nirkabel</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1948, Shannon mempresentasikan teori batasan
kapasitas ( Shannon’s capacity limit) untuk pertama kalinya industri wireless
telah sangat berkembang hal ini didorong oleh kemajuan teknologi fabrikasi
sirkuit terpadu(IC) pemroses sinyal digital dan peruntukkan frekuensi spektrum
radio yang efisien, sehingga memungkinkan pemasaran alat portabel pada skala
yang besar pada biaya yang lebih rendah kepada pengguna. Namun, aspek transmisi
terutama pada lapisan fisik saluran telekomunikasi tetap menjadi tantangan
utama dalam mencapai kapasitas mendekati batasan Shannon. Ini karena
fitur-fitur perambatan yang ada pada saluran telekomunikasi tidak dapat
diprediksi, lalu memberikan berbagai tandatangan dan peluang kepada para
peneliti, baik dari akademisi atau industriawan untuk mengeksploitasi
fitur-fitur perambatan, agar mencapai kapasitas yang maksimal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
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<div class="Section7">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.2. TOPOLOGI WIRELESS LAN</span></b></div>
</div>
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<div class="Section8">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless LAN
memungkinkan workstation untuk berkomunikasi dan mengakses dengan menggunakan
propagasi radio sebagi media transmisi. Wireless LAN bisa menghubungkan LAN
kabel yang telah ada sebagai media transmisi. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wireless LAN
bisa menghubungkan LAN kabel yang telah ada sebagai sebuah extensi atau menjadi
basis dari jaringan baru. W LAN sangat mudah beradaptasi artinya dapat
dirancang untuk lingkungan dalam ruangan dan juga untuk luar ruangan seperti
menghubungkan gedung-gedung kantor, lantai produksi, rumah sakit dan
universitas. Dasar dari blok Wireless LAN disebut dengan sel. Sel adalah area
yang dicakupi oleh komunikasi Wireless. Areal cakupan ini tergantung pada
kekuatan propagansi signal radio dan tipe kontruksi dari penghalang, partisi
dan atau karakter fisik pada lingkungan dalam ruangan. PC Workstation,
notebook, laptop, dan PDA dapat bergerak dengan bebas di dalam area sell</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1. </span><span lang="IN">Wireless Sel</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Setiap sel Wireless LAN membutuhkan komunikasi
dan traffic management. Yang mana hal ini dilakukan oleh Access Poin (AP) yang
mengatur komunikasi pada setiap wireless station pada areal cakupan. Station
juga saling berkomunikasi satu dengan lainnya melalui AP, jadi proses
komunikasi antar station dapat di sembunyikan antara satu dengan lainnya. Dalam
hal ini AP berfungsi sebagai relay. AP juga dapat berfungsi sebagai brigde
yakni penghubung antara wireless station dan jaringan kabel dan juga dengan
cell wireless lainnya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2. </span><span lang="IN">Wireless LAN Conectivity</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">ROAMING</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Jika ada beberapa area dalam sebuah ruangan di
cakupi oleh lebih dari satu Access Poin maka cakupan sel telah melakukan
overlap. Setiap wireless station secara otomatis akan menentukan koneksi
terbaik yang akan ditangkapnya dari sebuah Access Poin. Area Cakupan yang
Overlapping merupakan attribut penting dalam melakukan setting Wireless LAN
karena hal inilah yang menyebabkan terjadinya roaming antar overlapping sells.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"> Roaming Melalui Overlaping Sel</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Roaming memungkinkan para pengguna mobile
dengan portable station untuk bergerak dengan mudah pada overlapping cells.
Roaming merupakan work session yang terjadi ketika bergerak dari satu cell ke
cell yang lainnya. Sebuah gedung dapat dicakupi oleh beberapa Access Poin.
Ketika areal cakupan dari dua atau lebih access poin mengalami overlap maka
station yang berada dalam areal overlapping tersebut bisa menentukan koneksi
terbaik yang dapat dilakukan, dan seterusnya mencari Access Poin yang terbaik
untuk melakukan koneksi. Untuk meminimalisasi packet loss selama perpindahan,
AP yang lama dan AP yang baru saling berkomunikasi untuk mengkoordinasikan
proses.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">Load Balancing</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Area cakupan dengan banyak pengguna dan traffik
yang padat membutuhkan <i>multistruktur </i>sel. Pada Multi Struktur Sel,
beberapa AP digambarkan pada area yang sama untuk membangun sebuah arael
cakupan untuk menghasilkan throughput secara aggregat. Sebuah station yang
berada di dalam sebuah coverage area sacara otomatis mengasosiasikan diri
dengan AP yang memiliki kualitas signal terbaik. Station akan terkoneksi dengan
AP dengan pembagian yang seimbang pada semua AP. Efisiensi akan didapatkan
karena semua AP bekerja pada load level yang sama. Load Balancing juga dikenal
dengan Load Sharing</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">Dynamic Rate Switching</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Rate data pada masing-masing station secara
otomatis disesuaikan berdasarkan kualitas signal yang diperoleh. Performance
(throughput) akan dimaksimalkan dengan menambah rate data dan mengurangi re
transmisi. Hal ini akab sangat penting untuk applikasi mobile dimana kualitas
signal sangat fluktuatif tapi kurang penting untuk instalasi outdoor dimana
kualitas signal stabil.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">Media Access</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Wireless LAN menggunakan algoritma CSMA
(Cariier Sense Multiple Access) dengan mekanisme CA (Collision Avoidance),
sebelum sebuah unit memulai transmisi. Jika media kosong dalam beberapa
milidetik maka unit dapat melakukan transmisi untuk waktu yang terbatas. Jika
media sibuk atau padat, unit akan menunggu dengan random time sebelum mencoba
lagi. Keuntungan dari CSMA adalah kesederhanaan. Hardware dan Software yang di
implementasikan lebih sederhana, cepat dan tidak mahal dari pada hardware dan
software yang diimplementasikan yang lebih kompleks.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN">Menghindari Tabrakan Data</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Untuk menghindari terjadinya tabrakan data,
setiap stasiun akan mentransmisikan frame RTS (Request To Send). Access Poin
mengirim balik frame CTS (Clear To Send) untuk memulai transmisi data. Frame
ini termasuk waktu saat stasiun mulai di transmisikan. Frame ini akan diterima
oleh semua station dalam sel, memberitahukan bahwa ada unit yang akan
ditransmisikan selama X milidetik, jadi yang lain tidak bisa melakukan
transmisi walaupun media transmisinya terlihat kosong</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<div class="Section13">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.1. CARA KERJA JARINGAN
WIRELESS</span></b></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<div class="Section14">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar supaya
komputer-komputer yang berada dalam wilayah Jaringan <i>Wireless</i> bisa
sukses dalam mengirim dan menerima data, dari dan ke sesamanya, maka ada tiga
komponen dibutuhkan, yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sinyal Radio (Radio Signal).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Format Data (Data Format).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Struktur Jaringan atau Network (Network
Structure).</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masing-masing
dari ketiga komponen ini berdiri sendiri-sendiri dalam cara kerja dan
fungsinya. Kita mengenal adanya 7 Model Lapisan OSI (<i>Open System
Connection</i>), yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Physical Layer (Lapisan Fisik)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Data-Link Layer (Lapisan Keterkaitan Data)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Network Layer (Lapisan Jaringan)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Transport Layer (Lapisan Transport)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Session Layer (Lapisan Sesi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Presentation Layer (Lapisan Presentasi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Application Layer (Lapisan Aplikasi)</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masing-masing
dari ketiga komponen yang telah disebutkan di atas berada dalam lapisan yang
berbeda-beda. Mereka bekerja dan mengontrol lapisan yang berbeda. Sebagai
contoh:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sinyal Radio
(komponen pertama), bekerja pada physical layer, atau lapisan fisik. Lalu
Format Data atau Data Format mengendalikan beberapa </span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lapisan diatasnya. Dan struktur
jaringan berfungsi sebagai alat untuk mengirim dan menerima sinyal radio.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lebih
jelasnya, cara kerja <i>wireless</i> LAN dapat diumpakan seperti cara kerja
modem dalam mengirim dan menerima data, ke dan dari internet. Saat akan
mengirim data, peralatan-peralatan <i>Wireless</i> tadi akan berfungsi sebagai
alat yang mengubah<i> data digital</i> menjadi <i>sinyal radio</i>. Lalu saat
menerima, peralatan tadi berfungsi sebagai alat yang mengubah sinyal radio
menjadi data digital yang bisa dimengerti dan diproses oleh komputer.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana sinyal radio dapat diubah
menjadi data digital?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip
dasar yang digunakan pada teknologi wireless ini sebenarnya diambil dari
persamaan yang dibuat oleh James Clerk Maxwell di tahun 1964.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
persamaan itu, dengan gamblang dan jelas Maxwell berhasil menunjukkan fakta
bahwa, setiap perubahan yang terjadi dalam medan magnet itu akan menciptakan
medan-medan listrik. Dan sebaliknya, setiap perubahan yang terjadi dalam
medan-medan listrik itu akan menciptaken medan-medan magnet.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lebih lanjut
Maxwell menjelaskan, saat arus listrik (AC atau alternating current) bergerak
melalui kabel atau sarana fisik (konduktor) lainnya, maka, beberapa bagian dari
energinya akan terlepas ke ruang bebas di sekitarnya, lalu membentuk medan
magnet atau alternating magnetic field.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemudian,
medan magnet yang tercipta dari energy yang terlepas itu akan menciptakan medan
listrik di ruang bebas, yang kemudian akan menciptakan medan magnet lagi, lalu
medan listrik lagi, medan magnet lagi, dan seterusnya, hingga arus listrik yang
asli atau yang pertama terhenti (terputus, red).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk
energy yang tercipta dari perubahan-perubahan ini, disebut dengan radiasi
elektromagnetik (electromagnetic radiation), atau biasa kita kenal sebagai
gelombang radio. Itu artinya, radio dapat di definisikan sebagai radiasi dari
energi elektromagnetik yang terlepas ke udara (ruang bebas).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat yang
menghasilkan gelombang radio itu biasa dinamakan TRANSMITTER. Lalu alat yang
digunakan untuk mendeteksi dan menangkap gelombang radio yang ada udara itu, biasa
dinamakan RECEIVER.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar kedua
alat ini (transmitter dan receiver) lebih fokus saat mengirim, membuat pola
gelombang, mengarahkan, meningkatkan, dan menangkap sinyal radio, ke dan dari
udara, maka dibantulah dengan alat lain, yaitu ANTENA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berkat persamaan
dari Maxwell, transmitter, receiver, serta antena, yang kemudian disatukan
dalam semua peralatan wireless LAN itulah, maka komputer bisa berkomunikasi,
mengirim dan menerima data melalui gelombang radio, atau biasa disebut dengan
wireless netwok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Begitu
banyak stasiun Radio dengan frequency yang berbeda-beda agar tidak saling
bertabrakan, gelombang radio yang akan dikirimkan ke udara itu bisa diatur
frequencynya. Yaitu dengan cara mengatur atau memodifikasi arus listrik yang
berada pada peralatan pengirim dan penerima tadi (transmitter, receiver).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan jarak
yang menjadi pemisah antar frequency dinamakan SPECTRUM. Lalu, bagian terkecil
dari spectrum disebut dengan BAND. Dan untuk mengukur jumlah perulangan dari
satu gelombang ke gelombang yang terjadi dalam hitungan detik, digunakanlah
satuan HERTZ (Hz).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hertz,
diambil dari nama orang yang pertama kali melakukan percobaan mengirim dan
menangkap gelombang radio, yaitu HEINRICH HERTZ. Satu hertz dihitung sebagai
jarak antara satu gelombang ke gelombang berikutnya. Dan sinyal radio itu
umumnya berada pada frequency ribuan, jutaan, atau milyaran hertz (KHz, MHz,
GHz). Dengan mengatur frequency itulah maka sinyal radio bisa tidak saling
bertabrakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section16">
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<br /></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section17">
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.2. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ODE KONEKSI WIRELESS</span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></h3>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section18">
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Agar sebuah computer dapat saling terhubung dengan network wireless maka
dapat dilakukan dalam mode Ad-Hoc atau mode Infrastructure.Mode Ad-Hoc adalah
koneksi antara dua komputer, di mana satu komputer berfungsi sebagai server dan
komputer lainnya menjadi client. </span><span lang="FI" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Koneksi
semacam ini sering disebut sebagai koneksi peer-to-perr</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mode Infrastructure
adalah koneksi antara dua komputer atau lebih, dengan Access Point (AP) sebagai
pengatur lalu lintasnya. Acces Point adalah suatu perangkat yang dapat
memancarkan sinyal Wifi dalam jangkauan tertentu (sering disebut
hotspot).Melalui sinyal Wifi tersebut, beberapa client bisa terkoneksi ke jaringan
dan AP-lah yang akan mengatur lalu lintas datanya.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section20">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3.3. KEUNGGULAN DAN KELEMAHAN JARINGAN WIRELESS</span></h3>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section21">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunggulannya adalah
biaya pemeliharannya murah (hanya mencakup stasiun sel bukan seperti pada
jaringan kabel yang mencakup keseluruhan kabel), infrastrukturnya berdimensi
kecil, pembangunannya cepat, mudah dikembangkan (misalnya dengan konsep
mikrosel dan teknik frequency reuse), mudah & murah untuk direlokasi dan
mendukung portabelitas.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahannya adalah
biaya peralatan mahal (kelemahan ini dapat dihilangkan dengan mengembangkan dan
memproduksi teknologi komponen elektronika sehingga dapat menekan biaya
jaringan), <i>delay </i>yang besar, adanya masalah propagasi radio seperti
terhalang, terpantul dan banyak sumber interferensi (kelemahan ini dapat
diatasi dengan teknik modulasi, teknik antena diversity, teknik spread spectrum
dll), kapasitas jaringan menghadapi keterbatas spektrum (pita frekuensi tidak
dapat diperlebar tetapi dapat dimanfaatkan dengan efisien</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engan
bantuan bermacam-macam teknik seperti spread spectrum/DS-CDMA) dan keamanan
data (kerahasian) kurang terjamin (kelemahan ini dapat diatasi misalnya dengan
teknik spread spectrum) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Yang unik dari
media transmisi wireless adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sinyalnya terputus-putus (<i>intermittence</i>)
yang disebabkan oleh adanya benda antara pengirim dan penerima sehingga sinyal
terhalang dan tidak sampai pada penerima (gejala ini sangat terasa pada
komunikasi <i>wireless </i>dengan IR).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2. Bersifat <i>broadcast
</i>akibat pola radiasinya yang memancar ke segala arah, sehingga semua
terminal dapat menerima sinyal dari pengirim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3. Sinyal pada
media radio sangat komplek untuk dipresentasikan kerena sinyalnya menggunakan
bilangan imajiner, memiliki pola radiasi dan memiliki polarisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengalami gejala yang disebut <i>multipath </i>yaitu
propagasi radio dari pengirim ke penerima melalui banyak jalur yang LOS dan
yang tidak LOS/terpantul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section22">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section23">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3. CARA
KERJA TERMINAL</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terminal adalahperalatan yang
mengakseslayananmelaluijaringan yang sifatnya remote
atauterpisahmelaluisebuahsalurantelekomunikasi.Linuxmemilikienam terminal
ataukonsolketikaberjalandalam modus teks.Artinya, kitadapatmenjalankanaplikasiataukegiatanberbeda-bedauntuktiap
terminal dandalamwaktubersamaan.Untukberpindahdarisatu terminal ke terminal
lain, dapatmenekankombinasitombol ALT + F1 hingga F6.Terminal
ketujuhumumnyadigunakanoleh X Server.Jadi, jika X Server sebelumnyatelahaktifdantidakdibunuh,kitatinggalmenekantombol
ALT + F7 untukkembaliketampilangrafis.Terminal yang disinggung di atasadalah
terminal dalam modus teks.Terminaljugadapatdigunakandalamlingkungangrafis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untukmembuka terminal di desktop
GNOME milikEdubuntu, klik menu Applications > Accessories > Terminal pada
panel
atas.Terminalsepertinyamemangdiperuntukkanbagiparaprofesional.Tetapiketikakitamengetahuicarakerjadanmanfaatnya,
kitaakanseringmenggantungkandiripadabarisperintahini. Kita dapatmengeksekusi
program, membuka file, hinggamelakukanmanajemenberkasmelaluitampilannya yang
sederhana. Linux memilikilebihdari 2000
perintahketikamenjalankanterminal.Kitatidakperlumenghapalsemuanya,
hanyabeberapa yang kitaanggappentingdanseringkitagunakan.Sebuah tips ketikamenggunakan
terminal. Kita bisamengetikkanbeberapahurufawalperintah,
disusuldenganmenekantombol ESC atau TAB sekaliataubeberapa
kali.Cobalahuntukmemasukkankarakterapadaterminal.Disusulmenekan ESC atau TAB
(Edubuntumendukungtombol TAB).Apabilamunculsebuahpertanyaan, ketik y.
Sebuahdaftarpanjangakanmuncul (semuaperintahdenganawalanhuruf a). Biasanya data
ditampilkanpadakomputerpadajarakjauhataudekat yang disebutdengan
terminal.Fungsidasarnyaadalahuntukberhubungandengankomputer host.
Terminal jugadikenalidenganbeberapaistilah, seperti: CRT – Cathode Ray
Tube, VDT -Video Display Terminal atau display station. Terminal dibagiatas 3
jenis, yaitu : </span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terminal
dungu (dumb), yaitu terminal yang
berfungsihanyaberupayamenghantarsetiapkarakter yang dikirimkanke host danmenampilkanapasaja
yang dikirimoleh host.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terminal
‘smart’ ,yaitu terminal yang
berfungsimenghantarkaninformasitambahanselainapa yang
dikirimolehpemakaisepertikodetertentuuntukmenghindarikesalahan data yang
terjadi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terminal
pintar (intelligent), yaitu terminal yang
dapatdiprogramkanuntukmembuatfungsi-fungsitambahansepertikontrolterhadappenyimpananke
storage danmenampilkan lay-out data dari host denganlebihbagus. Padasaat
terminal/client/terminal/client melakukan proses booting, garisbesar
proses yang dijalankanadalah :</span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencarialamatipdaridhcp
server.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengambil
kernel daritftp server.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjalankansistem
file root darinfs server.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengambil
program X-server kedalam memory danmulaimenjalankannya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukanhubungandenganxdm
server dan user login kedalamxdm server.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="Section24">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.15pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.15pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.15pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.1.
KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam komunikasi data terdapat beberapa unsur agar sebuah proses komunikasi
dapat berlangsung dengan baik. Unsur-unsur tersebut dapat berupa, sumber data,
media dan penerima data. Pada komunikasi data, media yang digunakan
adalah kabel dan tanpa kabel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "HG Mincho Light J";">Saluran komunikasi t</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anpa Kabel (Wireless), seperti microwave, satellite, dan cellular
phone. Satelite merupakan bagian dari wireless, di mana wireless itu sendiri
adalah koneksi internet dari suatu perangkat ke perangkat lainnya yang tanpa
menggunakan kabel. Sedangkan satelite adalah suatu stasiun relay (penguat) yang
mentransmisikan sinyal microwave melewati jarak yang jauh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran serta
orbit, pembajakan sinyal, dan peran Intelsat serta kompetisi organisasi di area
internasional mempengaruhi kapabilitas satelite. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sistem satelite yang banyak dipakai pada saat
ini adalah satelite yang non regenerative. Penggunaan sistem satelite
regenaratif akan menyebabkan harga dari satelite itu mahal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tak dipungkiri lagi, saat ini, komunikasi bergerak memainkan peran yang
semakin signifikan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan telekomunikasi, khusunya mobile
system. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat ini jumlah pengguna telepon
mencapai angka ±1 milyar dan angka ini melampaui jumlah pengguna jaringan
telepon tetap. Sehingga pada saat itu komunikasi wireless akan merupakan moda
akses teknologi yang dominan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.2. SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk pembaca, apabila ada materi yang kurang
pada makalah ini disarankan untuk mencari referensi lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk para peneliti
agar lebih</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengembangkan lagi jaringan wireless ini agar
kekurangan-kekurangannya dapat tertutupi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=teknologi+3G"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=teknologi+3G</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://isthiblogger.blogspot.com/2011_03_01_archive.html</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.jaringankomputer.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.JaringanKomputer.org</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/Bayukusriyanto.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.google.co.id/Bayukusriyanto.htm</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">l</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=satelite.htm"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=satelite.htm</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">l</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75pt;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.lapanrs.com/TEKNObangtek/index.php?page=artikel.htm"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "HG Mincho Light J";">http://www.lapanrs.com/TEKNObangtek/index.php?page=artikel.htm</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">l</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://ilkom.unsri.ac.id/deris/akademik/mk/Bab4-media_satelite.php"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">http://ilkom.unsri.ac.id/deris/akademik/mk/Bab4-media_satelite.php</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://ilkom.unsri.ac.id/deris/akademik/mk/Bab4-mediatransmisi.php"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">http://ilkom.unsri.ac.id/deris/akademik/mk/Bab4-mediatransmisi.php</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://mufiks.blogspot.com/2013/10/tulisan-4-jaringan-wireless-dan-terminal.html</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 95.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-15413634578308689182013-11-01T19:10:00.004-07:002013-11-01T19:10:56.201-07:00Teknologi Yang Terkait Antar Muka Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Terdapat 6 macam teknologi yang terkait antara lain:</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong> * Head-Up Displays Systems</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Head-Up Displays Systems atau disingkat (HUD) merupakan tampilan
transparan yang menampilkan data tanpa memerlukan pengguna untuk melihat
ke arah yang lain dari sudut pandang biasanya. Asal nama dari teknologi
ini yaitu pengguna dapat melihat informasi dengan kepala yang terangkat
(head up) dan melihat ke arah depan daripada melihat ke arah bawah
bagian instrumen. Meskipun mereka pada awalnya dikembangkan untuk
penerbangan militer, HUDs sekarang digunakan dalam pesawat komersial,
mobil, dan aplikasi lainnya.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>* Tangible User Interface</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Tangible User Interface, yang disingkat TUI, adalah antarmuka dimana
seseorang dapat berinteraksi dengan informasi digital lewat lingkungan
fisik. Salah satu perintis TUI ialah Hiroshi Ishii, seorang profesor di
Laboratorium Media MIT yang memimpin Tangible Media Group. Pandangan
istimewanya untuk tangible UI disebut tangible bits, yaitu memberikan
bentuk fisik kepada informasi digital sehingga membuat bit dapat
dimanipulasi dan diamati secara langsung.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>* Computer Vision</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Computer Vision (Komputer Visi) merupakan ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi dari mesin yang melihat. Sebagai suatu disiplin ilmu, Computer
Vision berhubungan dengan teori untuk membangun sistem buatan yang
memperoleh informasi dari gambar. dengan teori yang digunakan untuk
membangun sistem kecerdasan buatan yang membutuhkan informasi dari citra
(gambar). Data citranya dapat dalam berbagai bentuk, misalnya urutan
video, pandangan dari beberapa kamera, data multi dimensi yang di dapat
dari hasil pemindaian medis.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sebagai teknologi disiplin, visi komputer berusaha untuk menerapkan
teori dan model untuk pembangunan sistem visi komputer. Contoh aplikasi
visi komputer mencakup sistem untuk :</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pengendalian proses (misalnya, sebuah robot industri atau kendaraan otonom).<br />
Mendeteksi peristiwa (misalnya, untuk pengawasan visual atau orang menghitung).<br />
Mengorganisir informasi (misalnya, untuk pengindeksan database foto dan gambar urutan).<br />
Modeling benda atau lingkungan (misalnya, industri inspeksi, analisis gambar medis atau topografis model).<br />
Interaksi (misalnya, sebagai input ke perangkat untuk interaksi manusia komputer).<br />
Visi komputer juga dapat digambarkan sebagai pelengkap (tapi tidak harus lawan) penglihatan biologis.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Biologis visi, persepsi visual manusia dan berbagai hewan yang
dipelajari, sehingga dalam model tentang bagaimana sistem ini beroperasi
dalam hal proses-proses fisiologis. Komputer visi di sisi lain,
menjelaskan sistem penglihatan buatan yang diimplementasikan dalam
perangkat lunak dan perangkat keras. Interdisipliner pertukaran antara
biologis dan visi komputer telah terbukti semakin bermanfaat bagi kedua
bidang.<br />
Sub-domain visi komputer meliputi adegan rekonstruksi, acara deteksi,
pelacakan video, pengenalan obyek, belajar, pengindeksan, gerak
estimasi, dan gambar restorasi.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>* Browsing Audio Data </strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Browsing Audio Data merupakan metode browsing jaringan yang digunakan
untuk browsing video / audio data yang ditangkap oleh sebuah IP kamera.
Jaringan video / audio metode browsing mencakupi langkah-langkah
sebagai berikut :</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menjalankan sebuah program aplikasi komputer lokal untuk mendapatkan kode identifikasi yang disimpan dalam kamera IP<br />
Transmisi untuk mendaftarkan kode identifikasi ke DDNS ( Dynamic Domain Name Server) oleh program aplikasi<br />
Mendapatkan kamera IP pribadi alamat dan alamat server pribadi sehingga
pasangan IP kamera dan kontrol kamera IP melalui kamera IP pribadi
alamat dan alamat server pribadi<br />
compile ke layanan server melalui alamat server pribadi sehingga untuk
mendapatkan video / audio data yang ditangkap oleh kamera IP, dimana
server layanan menangkap video / audio data melalui Internet.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>* Speech Recognition</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dikenal dengan pengenal suara otomatis (automatic speech recognition)
atau pengenal suara komputer (computer speech recognition) merupakan
suatu sistem yang dapat mengidentifikasi seseorang dari suara dimana
merubah suara menjadi tulisan. Istilah ‘voice recognition’ digunakan
untuk mengenali atau mengidentifikasi siapa yang berbicara, sedangkan
istilah ‘Speech Recognition’ digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi apa yang
diucapkannya.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>* Speech Synthesis</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Speech synthesis merupakan hasil kecerdasan buatan dari pembicaraan
manusia. Komputer yang digunakan untuk tujuan ini disebut speech
syhthesizer dan dapat diterapkan pada perangkat lunak dan perangkat
keras. Sebuah sistem text to speech (TTS) merubah bahasa normal menjadi
pembicaraan.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>sumber : </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://nugliztajulie.wordpress.com/2009/12/05/teknologi-yang-terkait-antar-muka-telematika/</b></span></span>Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-48644636580998706772013-11-01T19:07:00.000-07:002013-11-01T19:07:26.258-07:00Fitur Pada Antar Muka Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pengertian antarmuka ( interface) adalah salah satu layanan yang
disediakan sistem operasi sebagai sarana interaksi antara pengguna
dengan sistem operasi. Antarmuka (interface) adalah komponen sistem
operasi yang bersentuhan langsung dengan pengguna.<br /><br />Terdapat dua
jenis antarmuka , yaitu Command Line Interface(CLI) dan Graphical User
Interface(GUI). Command line interface adalah tipe antarmuka dimana
pengguna berinteraksi dengan sistem operasi melalui text-terminal.
Pengguna menjalankan perintah dan program di sistem operasi tersebut
dengan cara mengetikkan baris-baris tertentu. Sedangkan Graphical User
Interface adalah tipe antarmuka yang digunakan oleh pengguna untuk
berinteraksi dengan sistem operasi melalui gambar-gambar grafik, ikon,
menu, dan menggunakan perangkat penunjuk ( pointing device) seperti
mouse atau track ball. Elemen-elemen utama dari GUI bisa diringkas dalam
konsep WIMP ( window, icon, menu, pointing device).<br /><br />Fitur-fitur yang terkait dengan antarmuka telematika ada 6 macam, berikut adalah penjelasannya:<br /><br />1. Head Up Display System (HUD)<br />Head
Up Display (HUD) merupakan sebuah tampilan transparan yang menampilkan
data tanpa mengharuskan penggunanya untuk melihat ke arah yang lain dari
sudut pandang biasanya. Asal nama dari alat ini yaitu pengguna dapat
melihat informasi dengan kepala yang terangkat (head up) dan melihat ke
arah depan daripada melihat ke arah bawah bagian instrumen. Awalnya HUD
dibuat untuk kepentingan penerbangan militer, tetapi sekarang HUD telah
digunakan pada penerbangan sipil, kendaraang bermotor dan
aplikasi-aplikasi lainnya.<br /><br />2. Tangible User Interface<br />Tangible
User Interface, yang disingkat TUI, adalah antarmuka dimana seseorang
dapat berinteraksi dengan informasi digital melalui lingkungan fisik.
Nama inisial Graspable User Interface, sudah tidak lagi digunakan. Salah
satu perintis TUI ialah Hiroshi Ishii, seorang profesor di Laboratorium
Media MIT yang memimpin Tangible Media Group. Pandangan istimewanya
untuk tangible UI disebut tangible bits, yaitu memberikan bentuk fisik
kepada informasi digital sehingga membuat bit dapat dimanipulasi dan
diamati secara langsung.<br /><br />3. Computer Vision<br />Computer
Vision merupakan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dari mesin yang dapat
melihat. Dalam aturan pengetahuan, komputer visi berhubungan dengan
teori yang digunakan untuk membangun sistem kecerdasan buatan
(Artificial Intelegence) yang membutuhkan informasi dari citra (gambar).
Data citranya dapat dalam berbagai bentuk, misalnya urutan video,
pandangan deri beberapa kamera, data multi dimensi yang di dapat dari
hasil pemindaian medis.<br /><br />4. Browsing Audio Data<br />Browsing
Audio Data Browsing Audio Data merupakan metode browsing jaringan yang
digunakan untuk browsing video / audio data yang ditangkap oleh sebuah
IP kamera.Jaringan video / audio metode browsing mencakupi
langkah-langkah sebagai berikut ; Menjalankan sebuah program aplikasi
komputer lokal untuk mendapatkan kode identifikasi yang disimpan dalam
kamera IP. Transmisi untuk mendaftarkan kode identifikasi ke DDNS (
Dynamic Domain Name Server) oleh program aplikasi. Mendapatkan kamera IP
pribadi alamat dan alamat server pribadi sehingga pasangan IP kamera
dan kontrol kamera IP melalui kamera IP pribadi alamat dan alamat server
pribadi compile ke layanan server melalui alamat server pribadi
sehingga untuk mendapatkan video / audio data yang ditangkap oleh kamera
IP, dimana server layanan menangkap video / audio data melalui
Internet.<br /><br />5. Speech Recognition<br />Dikenal
juga dengan pengenal suara otomatis (automatic speech recognition) atau
pengenal suara komputer (computer speech recognition). Merupakan salah
satu fitur antarmuka telematika yang merubah suara menjadi tulisan.
Istilah ‘voice recognition’ terkadang digunakan untuk menunjuk ke speech
recognition dimana sistem pengenal dilatih untuk menjadi pembicara
istimewa, seperti pada kasus perangkat lunak untuk komputer pribadi,
oleh karena itu disana terdapat aspek dari pengenal pembicara, dimana
digunakan untuk mengenali siapa orang yang berbicara, untuk mengenali
lebih baik apa yang orang itu bicarakan. Speech recognition merupakan
istilah masukan yang berarti dapat mengartikan pembicaraan siapa saja.<br /><br />6. Speech Synthesis<br />Speech
synthesis merupakan hasil kecerdasan buatan dari pembicaraan manusia.
Komputer yang digunakan untuk tujuan ini disebut speech syhthesizer dan
dapat diterapkan pada perangkat lunak dan perangkat keras. Sebuah sistem
text to speech (TTS) merubah bahasa normal menjadi pembicaraan</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sumber:</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://heranapit.blogspot.com/2010/10/teknologi-yang-terkait-antar-muka.html </b></span></span>Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-36327119056194793432013-11-01T16:20:00.000-07:002013-11-01T16:20:14.184-07:00Tugas AKS 2 (Analisis Kinerja Sistem)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Pentingnya Manajemen Kontrol Keamanan pada Sistem</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://marinnrin.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/sistem-keamanan-komputer.jpg"></a>Informasi
adalah salah suatu asset penting dan sangat berharga bagi kelangsungan
hidup bisnis dan disajikan dalam berbagai format berupa : catatan,
lisan, elektronik, pos, dan audio visual. Oleh karena itu, manajemen
informasi penting bagi meningkatkan kesuksusesan yang kompetitif dalam
semua sektor ekonomi.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Tujuan manajemen informasi adalah untuk
melindungi kerahasiaan, integritas dan ketersediaan informasi. Dengan
tumbuhnya berbagai penipuan, spionase, virus, dan hackers sudah
mengancam informasi bisnis manajemen oleh karena meningkatnya
keterbukaan informasi dan lebih sedikit kendali /control yang dilakukan
melalui teknologi informasi modern. Sebagai konsekuensinya,
meningkatkan harapan dari para manajer bisnis, mitra usaha, auditor,dan
stakeholders lainnya menuntut adanya manajemen informasi yang efektif
untuk memastikan informasi yang menjamin kesinambungan bisnis dan
meminimise kerusakan bisnis dengan pencegahan dan memimise dampak
peristiwa keamanan.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Mengapa harus mengamankan informasi?</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Keamanan Informasi adalah suatu upaya
untuk mengamankan aset informasi yang dimiliki. Kebanyakan orang mungkin
akan bertanya, mengapa “keamanan informasi” dan bukan “keamanan
teknologi informasi” atau IT Security. Kedua istilah ini sebenarnya
sangat terkait, namun mengacu pada dua hal yang sama sekali berbeda.
“Keamanan Teknologi Informasi” atau IT Security mengacu pada usaha-usaha
mengamankan infrastruktur teknologi informasi dari gangguan-gangguan
berupa akses terlarang serta utilisasi jaringan yang tidak diizinkan</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Berbeda dengan “keamanan informasi” yang
fokusnya justru pada data dan informasi milik perusahaan Pada konsep
ini, usaha-usaha yang dilakukan adalah merencanakan, mengembangkan serta
mengawasi semua kegiatan yang terkait dengan bagaimana data dan
informasi bisnis dapat digunakan serta diutilisasi sesuai dengan
fungsinya serta tidak disalahgunakan atau bahkan dibocorkan ke
pihak-pihak yang tidak berkepentingan.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Keamanan informasi terdiri dari perlindungan terhadap aspek-aspek berikut:</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Confidentiality (kerahasiaan)</em> aspek yang menjamin
kerahasiaan data atau informasi, memastikan bahwa informasi hanya dapat
diakses oleh orang yang berwenang dan menjamin kerahasiaan data yang
dikirim, diterima dan disimpan.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Integrity (integritas)</em> aspek yang menjamin bahwa data tidak
dirubah tanpa ada ijin fihak yang berwenang (authorized), menjaga
keakuratan dan keutuhan informasi serta metode prosesnya untuk menjamin
aspek integrity ini.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Availability (ketersediaan)</em> aspek yang menjamin bahwa data
akan tersedia saat dibutuhkan, memastikan user yang berhak dapat
menggunakan informasi dan perangkat terkait (aset yang berhubungan
bilamana diperlukan).<span id="more-463"></span></b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Keamanan informasi diperoleh dengan
mengimplementasi seperangkat alat kontrol yang layak, yang dapat berupa
kebijakan-kebijakan, praktek-praktek, prosedur-prosedur,
struktur-struktur organisasi dan piranti lunak.</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Informasi yang merupakan aset harus dilindungi keamanannya. Keamanan, secara umum diartikan sebagai “<em>quality or state of being secure-to be free from danger”</em>.
Untuk menjadi aman adalah dengan cara dilindungi dari musuh dan bahaya.
Keamanan bisa dicapai dengan beberapa strategi yang biasa dilakukan
secara simultan atau digunakan dalam kombinasi satu dengan yang lainnya.
Strategi keamanan informasi memiliki fokus dan dibangun pada
masing-masing ke-khusus-annya. </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Contoh dari tinjauan keamanan informasi
adalah:</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Physical Security </em>yang memfokuskan strategi untuk
mengamankan pekerja atau anggota organisasi, aset fisik, dan tempat
kerja dari berbagai ancaman meliputi bahaya kebakaran, akses tanpa
otorisasi, dan bencana alam.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Personal Security </em>yang overlap dengan ‘<em>phisycal security’</em> dalam melindungi orang-orang dalam organisasi.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Operation Security </em>yang memfokuskan strategi untuk mengamankan kemampuan organisasi atau perusahaan untuk bekerja tanpa gangguan.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Communications Security</em> yang bertujuan mengamankan media
komunikasi, teknologi komunikasi dan isinya, serta kemampuan untuk
memanfaatkan alat ini untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><em>Network Security</em> yang memfokuskan pada pengamanan peralatan
jaringan data organisasi, jaringannya dan isinya, serta kemampuan untuk
menggunakan jaringan tersebut dalam memenuhi fungsi komunikasi data
organisasi.</b></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />Manfaat manajemen kontrol keamanan pada sistem :<br />1. Mencegah kesalahan dalam penyediaan sumber daya, perencanaan, dan control yang tidka cukup di tingkat manajemen.<br />2. dalam employee : mencegah eror, pencurian, penipuan, sabotase, dan penggunaan yang tidak sah.<br />dan sebagainya.</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Sumber:</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://marinnrin.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/pentingnya-manajemen-kontrol-keamanan-pada-sistem/</b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>http://wwwmikaelpaul.blogspot.com/2011/11/pentingnya-manajemen-kontrol-keamanan.html </b></span></span>Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-88893892783936887822013-11-01T16:07:00.000-07:002013-11-01T16:07:09.836-07:00Tugas Layanan Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UNIVERSITAS
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKULTAS
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TUGAS
PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">LAYANAN TELEMATIKA. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">FITUR-FITUR
PADA INTERFACE TELEMATIKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nama & NPM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latifah | 13110973</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Novika Ari Pahlawati | 1</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">5110</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">080</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Restu Anjani | 15110772</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Fakultas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jurusan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Informasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4KA11</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Depok</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2013</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ABSTRAK</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">SI</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Latifah.
13110973</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Novika Ari
Pahlawati. 15110080</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Restu
Anjani. 15110772</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">LAYANAN TELEMATIKA. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FITUR-FITUR
PADA INTERFACE TELEMATIKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tugas
Pengantar Telematika. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jurusan
Sistem Informasi, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas
Gunadarma,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kata Kunci : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">fitur-fitur,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">elematika,ma</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">faat
telematika di segala bidang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">ii</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i + 10 halaman</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada
penulisan artikel ini yang berjudul fitur-fitur pada telematika akan berfokus
untuk membahas layanan telematika yaitu fitur interface pada telematika,
pendukung dan perangkat yang digunakan pada telematika dan mamfaat, dan bidang
apa saja yang menggunakan fitur-fitur interface pada telematika kerugian pada
telematika.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">emoga
artikel yang sederhana ini dapat memberi maamfaat untuk pembaca dan mampu
menjelaskan apa saja yang fitur yang berada pada telematika secara singkat,
padat dan jelas. Penerapan fitur interface pada telematika di bidangnya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jurnal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ini berusaha menjelaskan seluruh fitur
padainterface tel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">matika
dan kegunaanya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Daftar
Pustaka (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2012</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">13</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ii</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">DAFTAR
ISI</span></b></div>
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Judul<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................................................................. </span>i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Abstraksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................... </span>ii</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar
Isi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ii</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">................................................................................ </span>1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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Masalah...................................................................1</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">....................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.1
Sejarah
Telematika..........................................................................3</span></div>
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Telaah Pustaka.................................................................................4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bab III ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6</span></div>
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Pembahasan.....................................................................6</span></div>
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Telematika.............................................................9</span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bab IV PENUTUP<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">........................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">23</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">...................................................................................... </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">24</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">iii</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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MASALAH</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi telematika
merupakan singkatan dari teknologi komunikasi, media, dan informatika.Dalam
perkembangannya, teknologi telematika ini telah menggunakan kecepatan dan
jangkauan transmisi energi elektromagnetik, sehingga sejumlah besar informasi
dapat ditransmisikan dengan jangkauan, menurut keperluan, sampai seluruh
dunia.Pada saat ini informasi sudah banyak berkembang sedemikian rupa, hanya
saja harus adanya dukungan teknologi.Teknologi telematikalah yang telah
berkembang sehingga mampu menyampaikan suatuinformasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika Amerika Serikat
meluncurkan ARPAnet pada 1983, penggunaan teknologi telematika di Indonesia
masih terbatas.Mailinglist yang dikenal tertua di Indonesia dibuat pada tahun
1983 oleh Johny Moningka dan Jos Lukuhay.Hingga tahun 1990-an, masyarakat
Indonesia telah banyak yang mengenal dan menggunakan teknologi telematika.Kemajuan
tersebut dapat dilihat dari jumlah radio amatir yang menjangku hingga ke luar
negeri. Dan terus perkembangannya, teknologi telematika saat ini dapat
diaplikasikan dalam banyak hal ; menghubungkan pengajar dengan muridnya,
kegiatan seperti memberikan materi belajar, melakukan ujian, mengirim tugas,
mengecek nilai dapat dilakukan secara elektronik.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya, teknologi
mobile phone begitu cepat pertumbuhannya.Bukan hanya dimiliki oleh hampir
seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia, fungsi yang ditawarkan terbilang
canggih.Muatannya antara 1 Gigabyte, dapat berkoneksi dengan internet juga
stasiun televisi, dan teleconference melalui 3G. Teknologi computer demikian,
kini hadir dengan skala tera (1000 Gigabyte), multi processor, multislot
memory, dan jaringan internet berfasilitas wireless access point. Bahkan, pada
café dan kampus tertentu, internet dapat diakses dengan mudahdangratis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terkait dengan hal
tersebut, Depkominfo mencatat bahwa sepanjang tahun 2007 yang lalu, Indonesia
telah mengalami pertumbuhan 48% persen terutama di sektor sellular yang
mencapai 51% dan FWA yang mencapai 78% dari tahun sebelumnya. Selain itu,
dilaporkan tingkat kepemilikan komputer pada masyarakat juga mengalami
pertumbuhan sangat signifikan, mencapai 38.5 persen.Sedangkan angka pengguna
Internet mencapai jumlah 2 juta pemakai atau naik sebesar 23 persen dibanding
tahun 2006. Tahun 2008 ini diharapkan bisa mencapai angka pengguna 2,5 juta.Agar
tidak menjauh dari tujuana penu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">isan
artikel ini maka kami akan berfokus pada fitur-fitur telematika, apa saja fitur
tersebut dan fungsi kegunaannya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.2 METODE PENELITIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode penelitian
terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu metode kualitatif dan metode kuantitatif.pada
kesempatan kali ini kelompok kami menggunakan metode kualitatif.untuk
menyempurnkan penulisan kami maka kelompok kami mencari bahan referensi
melalui:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
mencari data-data dan artikel tentang fitur fitur interface pada telematikaitu
sendiri lewat internet </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok
kami menggunakan buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan pengatar telematika sebagai
penunjang, untuk digunakan sebagai bahan referensi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">EJARAH
TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telematika berasal dari
bahasa Perancis “telematique” yang berart</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
telekomunikasi dan data.Istilah telematika pertama kali digunakan pada tahun
1978 oleh Simon Nora dan Alain Minc dalam buku L'informatisation. Pengertian
telekomunikasi adalah tehnik mengirim Pesan dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain
dan biasanya berlangsung secara 2 arah. Telekomunikasi mencakup semua bentuk
komunikasi jarak jauh, termasuk Radio , fax, televisi , telepon , dan
komunikasi data jaringan komputer. Pengertian informatika adalah mencakup
struktur, sifat, dan interaksi dari beberapsa sistem yang di pakai untuk mengumpulkan
data, memproses dan menyimpan hasil pemrosesaan data serta menampilkan dalam
bentuk informasi.Pengertian Telematika sendiri lebih mengacu kepada <br />
industri yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan komputer dalam sistem
telekomunikasi.Yang termasuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elematika
ini adalah layanan dial up ke Internet maupun semua jenis jaringan yang didasarkan
pada sistem telekomunikasi untuk mengirimkan data. Internet sendiri merupakan salah
satu contoh telematika.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wikipedia,
istilah telematika ini sering dipakai untuk beberapa macam <br />
bidang, sebagai contoh adalah: Integrasi antara sistem telekomunikasi dan
informatika yang dikenal sebagai Teknologi Komunikasi dan Informatika atau ICT
(Information and Communications Technology). Secara lebih spesifik, ICT
merupakan ilmu yang berkaitan dengan pengiriman, penerimaan dan penyimpanan
informasi dengan menggunakan peralatan telekomunikasi. Secara umum,istilah
telematika dipakai juga untuk teknologi Sistem Navigasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penempatan Global atau GPS (Global
Positioning System) sebagai bagian integral dari komputer dan teknologi
komunikasi berpindah (mobile communication technology).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara lebih spesifik,
istilah telematika dipakai untuk bidang kendaraan dan lalulintas (road vehicles
dan vehicle telematics ) Di Indonesia, pengaturan dan pelaksanaan mengenai berbagai
bidang usaha yang bergerak di sektor telematika diatur oleh Direktorat Jenderal
Aplikasi Telematika. Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Telematika (disingkat DitJen
APTEL) adalah unsur pelaksana tugas dan fungsi Departemen di bidang Aplikasi
Telematika yang <br />
berada di bawah dan bertanggung jawab kepada Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika
Republik Indonesia. Fungsi Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Telematika (disingkat
DitJen APTEL) meliputi: Penyiapan perumusan kebijakan di bidang e-government,
e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi
dan audit aplikasi telematika; Pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang e-government,
e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta
standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perumusan dan
pelaksanaan kebijakan kelembagaan internasional di bidang e-government, e-business,
perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan
audit aplikasi telematika; Penyusunan standar, norma, pedoman, kriteria, dan
prosedur di bidang e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten,
pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika;
Pembangunan, pengelolaan dan pengembangan infrastruktur dan manajemen aplikasi
sistem informasi pemerintahan pusat dan daerah;Pemberian bimbingan teknis dan
evaluasi; Pelaksanaan administrasi Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Telematika.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TELAAH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada kesempatan ini
kami ingin berbagi Pengetahuan tentang telematika.Kata“TELEMATIKA” yang
seringkali diidentikkan dengan dunia internet di Indonesia.Dari hasil pencarian
makna telematika ternyata Telematika merupakan adopsi dari bahasa Prancis yang sebenarnya
adalah “TELEMATIQUE” yang kurang lebih dapat diartikan sebagai bertemunya sistem
jaringan komunikasi dengan teknologi informasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para praktisi
mengatakan bahwaTelematics merupakan perpaduan dari dua kata yaitu dari “TELECOMMUNICATION
and <br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INFORMATICS” yang merupakan perpaduan
konsep Computing andCommunication.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah telematika juga
dikenal sebagai “the new hybrid technology” karena lahir dari perkembangan
teknologi digital.Dalam wikipedia disebutkan bahwa Telematics juga seringdisebut
dengan ICT (Information and Communications Technology). Untuk mengerti makna TELEMATIKA
yang menurut pak Moedjiono yang merupakan konvergensi dariTele=”Telekomunikasi”,
ma= ”Multimedia” dan tika=”Informatika” kita perlu perhatikan perbedaan antara
BIDANG ILMU. Dalam perkembangannya istilah Media dalam TELEMATIKA berkembang
menjadi wacana MULTIMEDIA.Hal ini sedikit membingungkan masyarakat, karena
istilah Multimedia semula hanya merujuk pada kemampuan sistem komputer untuk
mengolah informasi dalam berbagai medium.Adalah suatu ambiguitas jika istilah
TELEMATIKA <br />
dipahami sebagai akronim Telekomunikasi, Multimedia dan Informatika. Secara
garis besar istilah Teknologi Informasi (TI) , Telematika , Multimedia, maupun
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) mungkin tidak jauh berbeda
maknanya, namun sebagaidefinisi sangat tergantung kepada lingkup dan sudut
pandang pengkajiannya. Jika membaca dari tulisan diatas saya bisa menyimpulkan
bahwa sampai saat ini kepanjangan Telematika masih rancu antara “Telekomunikasi
dan Informatika” ataukah “Telekomunikasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Multimedia dan Informatika.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.1 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL
DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah telematika
merupakan adopsi dari bahasa asing.Kata telematika berasal dari kata dalam
bahasa Prancis, yaitu telematique. Istilah ini pertama kali digunakan pada
tahun 1978 oleh Simon Nora dan Alain Minc dalam bukunya yang berjudul
L'informatisation de la Societe [Seluk Beluk Telematika, h.1, 2001].Teknologi
telematika merupakan singkatan dari teknologi komunikasi, media, dan
informatika.Dalam perkembangannya, teknologi telematika ini telah menggunakan
kecepatan dan jangkauan transmisi energi elektromagnetik, sehingga sejumlah
besar informasi dapat ditransmisikan dengan jangkauan, menurut keperluan,
sampai seluruh dunia. Pada saat ini informasi sudah banyak berkembang
sedemikian rupa, hanya saja harus adanya dukungan teknologi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi telematikalah
yang telah berkembang sehingga mampu menyampaikan suatu informasilalu zaman
semakin berkembang dan teknologi telematika pun semakin berkembang terbukti
dengan teknologi mobile phone begitu cepat pertumbuhannya.Bukan hanya dimiliki
oleh hampir seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia,fungsi yang ditawarkan
terbilang canggih.Muatannya antara 1 Gigabyte,dapat berkoneksi dengan internet
juga stasiun televisi, dan teleconference melalui 3G. Teknologi computer
demikian, kini hadir dengan skala tera (1000 Gigabyte), multi processor,
multislot memory, dan jaringan internet berfasilitas wireless access point.
Bahkan, pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">af</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan kampus tertentu, internet dapat
diakses dengan mudah, dan gratis.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
LAYANAN TEKNOLOGI TELEMATIKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang termasuk dalam
telematika ini adalah layanan dial up ke Internet maupun semua jenis jaringan
yang didasarkan pada sistem telekomunikasi untuk mengirimkan data. Internet
sendiri merupakan salah satu contoh telematika. Di Indonesia, pengaturan dan
pelaksanaan mengenai berbagai bidang usaha yang bergerak di sektor telematika
diatur oleh Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Telematika. Direktorat Jenderal
Aplikasi Telematika (disingkat DitJen APTEL) adalah unsur pelaksana tugas dan
fungsi Departemen di bidang Aplikasi Telematika yang berada di bawah dan
bertanggungjawab kepada Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia.
Fungsi Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Telematika (disingkat DitJen APTEL)
meliputi:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiapan perumusan kebijakan di bidang
e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika
serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang
e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika
serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perumusan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan
kelembagaan internasional di bidang e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak
dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi
telematika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusunan standar, norma, pedoman, kriteria,
dan prosedur di bidang e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten,
pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">7</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Kerangka
Kebijakan Pengembangan dan Pendayagunaan Telematika di Indonesia, disebutkan
bahwa teknologi telematika merupakan singkatan dari teknologi komunikasi,
media, dan Informatika [Inpres No.6 Th. 2001,24 April 2001, h. 2]. Senada
dengan pendapat pemerintah, telematika diartikan sebagai singkatan dari tele =
telekomunikasi, ma = multimedia, dan tika = informatika [Asal Mula Kata
Telematika, h.1, 2006]. Mengacu kepada penggunaan dikalangan masyarakat
telematika Indonesia (MASTEL), istilah telematika berarti perpaduan atau
pembauran (konvergensi) antara teknologi informasi (teknologi komputer),
teknologi telekomunikasi, termasuk siaran radio maupun televisi dan multimedia
[Ib id., h. 235]. Dalam perkembangannya, teknologi telematika ini telah
menggunakan kecepatan dan jangkauan transmisi energi elektromagnetik, sehingga
sejumlah besar informasi dapat ditransmisikan dengan jangkauan, menurut
keperluan, sampai seluruh dunia, bahkan ke seluruh angkasa, serta terlaksana
dalam sekejap. Kecepatan transmisi elektromagnetik adalah (hampir) 300.000
km/detik, sehingga langsung dikirim begitu sampai, memungkinkan orang berdialog
langsung, atau komunikasi interaktif [Wawan Wardiana, Op.Cit., h. 234].Berdasarkan
pendapat-pendapat tersebut, maka dapat disarikan pemahaman tentang telematika
sebagai berikut [Wawan Wardiana, Ibid., h.239-240].<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telematika adalah sarana komunikasi
jarak jauh melalui media elektromagnetik.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuannya adalah mentransmisikan
sejumlah besar informasi dalam sekejap, dengan jangkauan seluruh dunia, dan
dalam berbagai cara, yaitu dengan perantaan suara (telepon, musik), huruf,
gambar dan data atau kombinasi-kombinasinya. Teknologi digital memungkinkan hal
tersebut terjadi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jasa telematika ada yang diselenggarakan
untuk umum (online, internet), dan ada pula untuk keperluan kelompok tertentu
atau dinas khusus (intranet). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian dapat
diambil kesimpulan bahwa telematika merupakan teknologi komunikasi jarak jauh,
yang menyampaikan informasi satu arah, maupun timbal balik, dengan sistem
digital.<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br />
</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> FITUR-FITUR PADA TELEMATIKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari penjelasan
interface dan telematika diatas, maka dapat saya simpulkan Interface telematika
adalah merupakan sebuah teknologi informasi yang berbasiskan pada interface
yang memungkinkan pengguna berinteraksi secara langsung.Terdapat 7 macam fitur
pada antarmuka telematika, keenam fitur tersebut adalah head up display system,
tangible user interface, computer vision, browsing audio data, speech
recognition, dan speech syntetis,video conference [fitur-fitur pada telematika
(</span><a href="http://ita-kyu-kiyut.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://ita-kyu-kiyut.blogspot.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">]</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Head Up Display SystemHead Up Display
System adalah tampilan transparan yang menyajikan data tanpa mengharuskan
penggna melihat dari sudut pandang yang biasa mereka lihat. Asal usul nama dari
alat ini yaitu pengguna dapat melihat informasi dengan kepala terangkat (head
up) dan melihat kea rah depan daripada melihat ke arah bawah bagian instrument.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun pada awalnya
dikembangkan untuk penerbangan militer, HUDs sekarang digunakan dalam
handphone, kendaraan bermotor, dan aplikasi lainnya.<br />
Ada 2 tipe Head Up Display System, yaitu Fixed HUD dan HMD.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fixed HUD mengharuskan penggunaannya
melihat tampilan melalui media yang dipasangkan ke chassis/bodi mesin. Tampilan
yang ditampilkan tergantung dari orientasi mesin yang bersangkutan misalkan
pesawat tempur.System ini digynakan di kebanyakan pesawat tempur.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">9</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HMD lebih fleksible karena system ini
menampilkan tampilan sesuai dengan gerakan kepala pengguna. Contoh HUDS,
seperti General Motors yang memulai mengembangkan Head Up Display Berteknologi
Laser. Dengan inovasi ini, pengemudi tak akan lagi menemukan kendala
penglihatan pada kondisi gelap, hujan bahkan kabut sekalipun.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Inovasi
yang menurut GM tak akan lama lagi di produksi ini, memiliki dampak besar pada
keselamatan karena mapu memandu pengemudi saat berada di jalan bahkan dalam
kondisi hamper mustahil untuk melihat dengan mata telanjang.Hal ini,
dimungkinkan berkat penggunnaan sensor dan kamera yang mengumpulkan informasi
untuk diproyeksikan ke kaca depan menggunakan laser ultra violet kecil.Teknologi
ini merupakan bagian dari kerjasama antara departemen pengembangan (R&D) GM
dengan tim di University of California dan Carnegie Mellon University.<br />
Cara kerjanya, saat mengemudi dalam kabut, pengemudi bisa memanfaatkan kamera
infra merah pada kendaraan untuk mengetahui dimana keberadaan tepi jalan dan
laser dapat “melukiskan” tepi jalan tersebut pada kaca depan sehingga pengemudi
bisa mengetahuinya.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Tangible User
Interface</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangible
User Interface, biasa disingkat dengan TUI, adalah antarmuka dimana seseorang
dapat berinteraksi dengan informasi digital lewat lingkungan fisik. Nama
inisial Graspable User Interface, sudah tidak lagi digunakan.Salah satu
perintis TUI ialah Hiroshi Ishii, seorang professor di laboratorium Media MIT
yang memimpin Tangible Media Group. Pandangan Istimewanya untuk tangible UI
disebut tangible bits, yaitu memberikan bentuk fisik kepada informasi digital
sehingga membuat bit dapat dimanipulasi dan diamati secara lengkap.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
Reactable adalah multi-user instrument music elektronik dengan antarmuka
pengguna meja nyata. Beberapa pemain simultan berbagi kendali penuh atas
instrument dengan memindahkan benda-benda fisik di atas permukaan meja
bercahaya. Bergerak dan berkaitan dengan benda-benda ini, mewakili komponen
modular synthesizer klasik, memungkinkan pengguna unuk membuat kompleks dan
dinamis sonic topoligi, dengan generator, filter dan modulator, dalam nyata
semacam modular synthesiezer atau aliran graspable bahasa pemograman yang
dikuasai. <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya
adalah sistem Topobo. Dimana balok-balok dalam LEGO Topobo seperti blok yang
dapat bertak bersama, tetapi juga dapat bergerak sendiri menggunakan komponen
bermotor.Seseorang bisa mendorong, menarik, dan memutar blok tersebut, dan blok
dapat menghapalgerakan-gerakan ini.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ComputerVision<br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Computer
Vision sering didefinisikan sebagai salah satu cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang
mempelajari bagaimana computer dapat mengenali objek yang diamati atau
diobservasi. Arti dari computer vision adalah merupakan ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi dari mesin yang melihat, dimana mesin mampu mengekstrak informasi
dari gambar yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan tugas teretntu.Sebagai suatu
ilmu, visi computer berkaitan dengantori dibalik system buatan bahwa ekstrak
informasi dari gambar.Data gambar dapat mengambil banyak bentuk, seperti urutan
video, pandangan dari beberapa kamera, atau data multi-dimensi dari scanner
medis.Sebagai disiplin teknologi, computer vision berusaha untuk menerapkan
teori dan model untuk pembangunan system.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">11</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Computer
Vision ini juga merupa penggabungan antara pengolahan citra dan pengenalan
pola. Pengolahan citra (image Processing) berlangsung proses tranformasi citra
atau gambar, proses ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kualitas citra yang lebih
baik. Dan pada pengenalan pola (pattern recognition) berlangsung proses
identifikasi objek pada citra atau innterpretasi citra, dimana proses ini
bertujuan unt mengekstrak informasi atau pesan yang disampaikan oleh gambar
atau citra.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersama
Intelijensia Semu (Artificial Intelligence) akan mampu menghasilkan system intelijen
visual ( Visual Intelligence System).<br />
Contoh aplikasi visi computer mencangkup system untuk :<br />
• Pengendalian prosen (misalnya, sebuah robot industry atau kendaraan otonom).<br />
• Mendeteksi peristiwa (misalnya, untuk pengawasan visual atau orang menghitung).<br />
• Mengorganisir informasi (misalnya, untuk pengindeksan database foto dan
gambar urutan).<br />
• Modeling benda atau lingkungan (misalnya, industry inspeksi, analisis gambar
medis atau topografis model).<br />
• Interkasi (misalnya, sebagai input ke perangkat untuk interaksi manusia
computer).<br />
• Visi computer juga dapat digambarkan sebagai pelengkap (tapi tidak harus
lawan) penglihatan biologis. Biologis visi, presepsi visual manusia adan
berbagai system ini beroperasi dalam hal prose-prosen fisiologis.<br />
• Sub domain visi computer meliputi adegan rekonstruksi, acara deteksi,
pelacakan video, pengenalan objek, belajar, pengindeksian, gerak estimasi, dan
gambar restorasi. <br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.BrowsingAudioData<br />
Sebuah metode browsing jaringan disediakan untuk browsing video atau audio data
yang di tembak oleh sebuah IP. Jaringan video atau audio metode browsing sesuai
mencangkup langkah-langkah dari:<br />
• Menjalankan sebuah program splikasi komputetr local untuk mendapatkan kode
identifikasi yang disimpan dalam kamera IP.<br />
• Transmisi untuk mendaftarkan kode identifikasi ke DDNS (Dinamic Domain Name
Server) oleh program aplikasi.<br />
• Mendapatkakn kamera IP pribadi alamat dan alamat server pribadi sehingga
pasangan IO kamera dan control kamera IP melalui kamera IP pribadi, dan<br />
• Kopel ke layanan server melalui alamat server pribadi sehina untuk
mendapatkan video atau audio dara yang ditembak oleh kamera IP, dimana server
layanan menangkap video atau audio data yang ditembak oleh kamera IP melalui
Internet.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penemuan
ini berkaitan dengan system dan metode untuk browsing video/ audio data, lebih
khusus ke jaringan video atau audio system browsing dan metode yang akan diatur
sebuah IP untuk browsing video atau audio.<br />
Singkatnya, browsing audio data ini adalah suatu fasilitas yang dapat mengidentifikasi
suatu file audio. Misalnya, dengan mengetahui elemen-elemen yang tidak ada pada
file audio tersebut.Misalnya kita ingin mengetahui siapa penyanyi, siapa
pengarang, ataupun siapa pencipta dari file audio tersebut.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.SpeechRecognition<br />
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) adalah suatu pengembangan teknik dan system
yang memungkinkan computer untuk menerima masukan berupa kata yang di ucap.
Teknologi ini, memungkinkan suatu perangkat untuk mengenali dan memahami
kata-kata yang diucapkan dnegan cara digitalisasi kata dan mencocokkan sinyal
digital tersebut dengan pola tertentu yang tersimpan dalam suatu perangkat.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">13</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata-kata
yang diucapkan diubah bentuknya mejadi sinyal digital dengan cara mengubah
gelombang suara sekumpulan angka yang kemudian disesuaikan dengan kode-kode
tertentu untuk mengidentifikasika kata-kata tersebut. Hasil dari identifikasi
kata yang diucapkan dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk tulisan yang dapat dibaca
oleh perangkat teknologi sebagao sebuah komando untuk melakkan suatu pekerjaan,
misalnya penekanan tombol pada telepon genggam yang dilalukan secara otomatis
dengan komando suara.<br />
Alat pengeal ucapan, atau yang sering disebut dengan speech recognition ini,
membutuhkan sampel kata sebenarnya yang diucapkan dari pengguna. Sampel kata
akan didigitalisasi, disimpan dalam computer, dan kemudian digunakan sebagai
basis data dalam memcocokkan kata yang diucapkan selajutnya. Sebagian besar
alat pengenal ucapan ini sifatnya masih tergantung pada pengeras suara.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan
kekurangan lain dari alat ini, adalah alat ini hanya dapat mengenal kata yang
diucapkan dari satu atau dua orang saja, serta hanya bisa mengenal kata-kata
terpisah, yaitu kata-kata yang dalam penyampaiannya terdapat jeda antar kata.
Hanya sedikit dari peralatan ini yang sifatnya tidak tergatung pada pengeras
suara dan dapat mengenal kata yang diucapkan banyak orang serta dapat mengenal
kata-kata continue atau kata-kata yang dalam penyampaiannya tidak terdapat jeda
antar kata.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan
suara sendiri terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu pengenalan pengguna (identifikasi
suara berdasarkan orang yang berbicara) dan pengenalan ucapan (identifikasi
berdasarkan kata yang diucapkan).<br />
Alat ini sudah ada sejak tahun 1940, dimana pada tahun tersebuut perussahaan
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) sudah mulai mengembankan
suatu perangkat teknologi yang dapat mengidentifikasi kata yang diucapkan
manusia. Lalu, sekitar tahun 1960-an para peneniliti dari perusahaan tersebut
sudah berhasil membuat suatu perangkat yang dapat mengidentifikasi kata-kata
terpisah dan pada tahun 1970-an, mereka sudah dapat membuat perangkat yang
dapat megidentikikasi kata-kata continue.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat
ini menjadi fungsional sejak tahun 1980-an dan hingga sekarang masih akan terus
dikembangkan dan ditingkatkan keefektifannya.<br />
Aplikasi-aplikasi alat pengenalan ucap dapat dilihat dari beberapa bidang,
yaitu :<br />
Bidang komunikasi<br />
Dalam bidang komunikasi terdapat beberapa jenis alat pengenalan ucap, seperti :<br />
1. Komando suara<br />
Komando suara adalah suatu program pada computer yang melakukan
perintahberdasarkan komando suara pengguna. Contohnya pada aplikasi Microsoft
voice yang berbasis bahasa inggris. Ketika pengguna mengatakan “mulai
kalkulator” dengan intonasi data tata bahasa yang sesuai. Maka, computer akan
segera membuka aplikasi kalkulator.<br />
Jika komando suara yang diberikan sesuai dengan daftar perintah yang tersedia.
Aplikasi akan memastikan komando suara dengan menampilkan tulisan “apakah anda
meminta saya untuk ‘memulai kalkulator’?”, untuk melakukan verifikasi. Pengguna
cupuk mengatakan “lakukan” dan computer akan langsung beroperasi.<br />
2. Pendiktean<br />
Pendiktean adalah sebuah prosen mendikte yang sekarang ini banyak dimanfaaatkan
dalam pembuatan laporan atau penelitian. Contohnya pada aplikasi Microsoft
dictation yang merupakan aplikasi yang dapat menulikan apa yang diucapkan
pengguna secara otomatis.<br />
3. Telepon<br />
Pada telepon, teknologi pengenalan ucapaan yang digunakan pada proses penekanan
tombol otomatis yang dapat menelpon nomor tujuan dengan komando suara.<br />
Bidang kesehatan<br />
Alat pengenal ucapan banyak digunakan dalam bidang kesehatan untuk membantu
para penyandang cacat dalam beraktivitas.Contohnya ada pada aplikasi Antarmuka
Suara Pengguna aatau Voice User Interface (VUI) yang menggunakan teknologi
pengenalan ucapan dimana pengendalian saklar lampu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">15</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya,
tidak peril dilakukan secara manual dengan menggerakkkan saklar tetatpi cukup
mengeluarkan parintah dalam bentuk ucapan sebagai saklarnya.Metode ini membantu
manusia yang secara fisik tidak dapat menggerakkan saklar karena cacat pada
tangan. Penerapan VUI ini tidak hanya untuk lampu saja tetapi bisa juga untuk
aplikasi-aplikasi control yang lain.<br />
Bidang militer<br />
Dalam bidang militer juga terdapat beberapa macam alat pengenalan ucap :<br />
1. Pelatihan penerbangan adalah Aplikasi alat pengenal ucapan dalam bahasa
militer adala pada pengaturan lalu-lintas udara atau yang dikenal dengan Air
Traffic Controllers (ATC) yang dipakai oleh para pilot untuk mendapatkan
keterangan mengenai keadaan lalu-lintas udara seperti radar, cuaca, dan
navigasi. Alat pengenal ucapan digunakan sebagai pengganti operator yang
memberikan informasi kepada pilot dengan cara berdialog.<br />
2. Helicopter adalah Aplikasi alat pengenalan ucapan pada helicopter digunakan
untuk berkomunikasi lewat radio dan menyesuaikan system navigasi. Alat ini,
sangat diperlukan pada helicopter karena ketika sedang terbang, sangat banyak
gangguan yang akan menyulitkan pilot bila harus berkomunikasi dan menyesuaikan
navigasi dengan memencet tombol terlebih dahulu.<br />
<br />
<br />
Kelebihan alat pengenal ucapan<br />
Kelebihan dari peralatan yang menggunakan teknologi ini adalah :<br />
1. Cepat<br />
Teknologi ini mempercepat transmisi informasi dan umoan balik dari transmisi
tersebut. Contohnya pada komando suara.Hanya dalam selang waktu sekitar satu
sampai dua detik setelah kita mengkomandokan peritah melallui suara komputeer
sudah member umpan balik atas komando kita.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">16</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Mudah digunakan<br />
Kemudahan teknologi ini juga dapat dilihat dalam aplikasi komando suara.
Komando biasanya kita memasukkan ke dalam computer dengan menggunakan tatikus
atau papan ketik, kini dapat dengan mudah kita lakukan tanpa perangkat keras,
yaitu dengan menggunakan komando suara.<br />
Kekurangan alat pengenal ucapan<br />
Kekurangan dari peralatan yang menggunakan teknologi ini adalah :<br />
1. Rawan terhadap gangguan<br />
Hal ini disebabkan oleh proses sinyal suara yang masih berbasis frekuensi.
Ketika sebuah informasi dalam sinyal suara mempunyai komponen frekuensi yang
sama banyaknya dengan komponen frekuensi gangguannya, akan sulit untuk
memisahkan gangguan dari sinyal suara tersebut.<br />
<br />
2. Jumlah kata yang dapat dikenal terbatas<br />
Hal ini disebabkan pengenalan ucapan berkerja dengan cara mencari kemiripan
dengan basis data yang dimiliki.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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6. Speech Syntesis<br />
Speech synthesis atau pidato sintesis adalah produksi buatan manusia pidato.
Sebuah ssistem computer yang digunakan untuk tujuan ini disebut speech
synthezer, dan dapat diimplementasikan dalam perangkat lunak atau perangkat
keras.Text-to-speech (TTS) system bahsa normal mengkonversi teks ke dalam
pidato. System lain membuat representasi linguistic simbolis seperti
transkripsi fonetik bicara.<br />
Pidato buatan dapat dibuat dengan potongan-potongan concatenating pidato yang
direkam disimpan dalam databace. Sestem berbeda dalam ukuran pidato yang
tersimpan unit, sebuah system yang menyimpan telepon memberikan rentang output
terbesar, tetapi kirang jelas. Untuk keperluan khusus domain, yang menyimpan
seluruh kata-kata atau kalimat memungkinkan output yang berkualitas tinggi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atau,
synthesizer dapat menggabungkan sebuah model dari system vocal dan
karakteristik suara manusia lain untuk membuat yang benar-benar “sintetik”
output suara.Kualitas synthesizer pidato dinilai oleh kesamaan dengan suara
manusia dan kemapuannya untuk dipahami, semua dimengerti text-to-speech profram
yang memungkinkan orang-orang dengan gangguan visual atau membaca untuk
mendengarkan karya-karya tulis di computer rumah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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A text-to-speech system (atau “mesin”) adalah terdiri dari dua bagian:
front-end dan back-end. Front-end memiliki dua tugas utama.Pertama, mengubah
teks mentah berisi simbol seperti angka dan singkatan menjadi setara dengan
tertulis-kata-kata.Proses ini sering disebut normalisasi teks, pra-pengolahan,
atau tokenization.Front-end kemudian menetapkan transkripsi fonetik untuk
setiap kata, dan membagi dan menandai teks ke prosodic unit seperti frase dan
kalimat. Proses transkripsi fonetik untuk menetapkan kata-kata ini disebut
teks-ke-fonem atau grafem-ke-fonem konversi. Fonetis transkripsi dan informasi
ilmu persajakan bersama-sama membentuk representasi simbolik yang linguistik
output dengan front-end. Back-end-sering disebut sebagai synthesizer-maka
mengubah representasi linguistic simbolik menjadi suara.Synthesizer teknologi<br />
Kualitas yang paling penting dari sebuah sistem sintesis pidato kewajaran dan
dimengerti. Kewajaran menggambarkan seberapa dekat output terdengar seperti
ucapan manusia, sementara dimengerti adalah kemudahan yang keluaran dipahami.
Pidato synthesizer yang ideal adalah alami dan dipahami. Pidato sistem sintesis
biasanya mencoba untuk memaksimalkan dua karakteristik<br />
Contoh : Fasilitas Text to Speech pada sistem operasi Microsoft Windows</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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.Video Conference<br />
Layanan video conference merupakan layanan komunikasi yang melibatkan video dan
audio secara real time.Teknologi yang digunakan untuk layanan video conference
komersial pada awalnya dikembangkan di atas platform ISDN (Integrated Switch
Digital Network) dengan standar H.320. Secara fungsional, elemen pendukung
layanan video conference terdiri dari:<br />
• Terminal video conference atau endpoint video conference, adalah perangkat
yang berada di sisi pengguna video conference.<br />
• MCU (Multipoint Conference Unit), adalah semacam server yang berfungsi sebagai
pengendali konferensi yang melibatkan banyak pengguna dan banyak sesi
konferensi.<br />
• Gateway dan gatekeeper adalah media yang melakukan proses adaptasi komunikasi
video conference berbasis ISDN ke IP dan sebaliknya.<br />
Jenis Video ConferenceJenis video conference berdasarkan hubungan diantara <br />
pemakainya dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian [teknologi layanan dan fitur di
interface <br />
telematika (http://hotaruu.wordpress.com/2009/11/24)] :<br />
1. Real Time Colaboration Multiparty Conferencing, merupakan sarana hubungan
konferensi yang seketika dengan resolusi yang baik dan interaktif.<br />
2. Active Participation Users, hubungan yang terjadi diantara pemakai dengan
jaringan komputer atau basis data, merupakan konferensi yang seketika dengan
resolusi yang baik dan interaktif.<br />
3. Passive Participation Users, keikutsertaan pemakai bersifat pasif dan
memerlukan hubungan yang seketika dan interaktif. Sistem Terminal Video
Conference.<br />
Jenis video conference menurut system terminalnya dibagi menjadi 2 bagian :<br />
1. Special video conference terminal, merupakan suatu terminal khusus sebagai
hasil integrasi produk-produk modular video conference. Bagian ini pengembangan
dari traditional video conference yang ditambahkan dengan perangkat seperti
komputer dan faks.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
PC-based video conference terminal, seperangkat komputer yang dapat
ditingkatkan kemampuannya dengan menambahkan video codec, kamera, mikrofon,
perangkat lunak dan sistem lainnya.<br />
Pemakaian Lebar Pita Frekuensi Video conference Pelayanan video conference
berdasarkan pemakaian lebar pita frekuensi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian :<br />
1. Shared Bandwidth, pemakaian lebar pita secara bersama-sama dapat dipenuhi
oleh jaringan komunikasi seperti LAN.<br />
2. Dedicated Bandwidth, pemakaian lebar pita frekuensi secara khusus atau tersendiri,
dapat dipenuhi oleh jaringan komunikasi seperti saluran terdedikasi atau
penyambung LAN.<br />
3. Allocated Bandwdth, pengalokasian lebar pita frekuensi dapat dipenuhi oleh
jaringan komunikasi seperti pada system isochronus misalnya FDDI II, IEEE
802.9, Isochronus Ethernet (isoENET), 100mbps Ethernet dengan protocol
prioritas permintaan dan Cell Reley serta ATM.<br />
Tujuan sebuah user interface adalah mengkomunikasikan fitur-fitur sistem yang
tersedia agar user mengerti dan dapat menggunakan sistem tersebut. Dalam hal
ini penggunaan bahasa amat efektif untuk membantu pengertian, karena bahasa
merupakan alat tertua barangkali kedua tertua setelah gesture yang dipakai
orang untuk berkomunikasi sehari-harinya.Praktis semua pengguna komputer dan
Internet kecuali mungkin anak kecil yang memakai komputer untuk belajar membaca
dapat mengerti tulisan. Meski pada umumnya panduan user interface menyarankan
agar ikon tidak diberi tulisan supaya tetap mandiri dari bahasa, namun elemen
user interface lain seperti teks pada tombol, caption window, atau teks-teks
singkat di sebelah kotak input dan tombol pilihan semua menggunakan bahasa.
Tanpa bahasa pun kadang ikon bisa tidak jelas maknanya, sebab tidak semua
lambang ikon bisa bersifat universal.<br />
keuntungan dan kerugian dari telematika<br />
Manfaat telematika bagi masyarakat antara lain; dunia pendidikan, asosiasi,
para pengamat, industri itu sendiri [Jurnal, “Kejahatan Telematika Sebagai
Kejahatan Transnasional” Oleh : Intan Innayatun Soeparna].</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Manfaat internet dalam e Business secara nyata dapat menekan biaya transaksi
daam berbisnis dan memberikan kemudahan dalam diversifikasi kebutuhan.<br />
2. Manfaat internet dalam e Goverment bisa meningkatkan kinerja pemerintah
dalam menyediakan informasi dan layanan untuk masyarakat.<br />
3. Dalam bidang kesehatan dan juga pendidikan secara nyata juga telah
memberikan nilah tambah bagi masyarakat luas.<br />
4. Telematika cukup memberi warna tersendiri dalam perekonomian nasional.
Ditandai dengan mulai maraknya sekelompok anak muda membangun bisnis baru
menggunakan teknologi Internet, maka Indonesia tak ketinggalan dalam booming
perdagangan elektronis / electronic commerce (e-commerce).<br />
5. Pembangunan sektor Telematika diyakini akan memengaruhi perkembangan
sektor-sektor lainnya. Sebagaimana diyakini oleh organisasi telekomunikasi
dunia, ITU, yang konsisten menyatakan bahwa dengan asumsi semua persyaratan
terpenuhi, penambahan investasi di sektor telekomunikasi sebesar 1% akan
mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional sebesar 3%. Hipotesis ini telah terbukti
kebenarannya di Jepang, Korea, Kanada, Australia, negara-negara Eropa,
Skandinavia, dan lainnya.<br />
6. Sebagai core bisnis industry, perdagangan, efisensi dan peningkatan daya
saing perusahaan<br />
<br />
Kerugian Telematika: <br />
<br />
1. Tindakan kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan media internet.
Contohnya, tindakan yang disebut carding, adalah cyber crime dengan cara
mencuri data kartu kredit dari nasabah suatu bank, sehingga si pelaku carding
(carder) dapat menggunakan data tersebut untuk keuntungan pribadi. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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2. Penyebaran virus atau malicious ware fraud atau penipuan yang menggunakan
electronic mail sebagai alat penyebaran informasi bagi si penipu.Kejahatan
Telematika sebagai Kejahatan Transnasional, Contoh kejahatan transnasional ini
adalah human trafficking, penyelundupan orang, narkotika, atau teroris
internasional.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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3. Kejahatan telematika merugikan individu,missal Lima orang hacker (penyusup)
yang berada di Moskow telah mencuri sekitar 5400 data kartu kredit milik orang
Rusia dan orang asing yang didapat dengan menyusup pada sistem komputer
beberapa internet retailer.<br />
4. Kejahatan telematika merugikan perusahaan atau organisasi, Pada tahun 1995,
Julio Cesar Ardita, seorang mahasiswa dari Argentina berhasil menyusup dan
mengganti (cracking) data sistem yang ada di Fakultas Arts and Science
Universitas Harvard.<br />
5. Kejahatan telematika merugikan Negara, misalnya: Serangan yang paling
merugikan adalah pengrusakan yang dilakukan olehhacker asing pada situs
Kementrian keuangan Romania pada tahun 1999, sehingga merugikan pemerintah
Romania milyaran dollar. Serangan ini dilakukan dengan mengganti besaran kurs
mata uang Romania sehingga banyak pembayar pajak online yang terkecoh dengan
data yang telah diganti tersebut.5 Hanya sayangnya, kejahatan ini tidak berlanjut
ke pengadilan karena tidak adanya hukum yang mengatur kejahatan telematika yang
bersifat transnasional.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB IV</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
7 macam fitur pada antarmuka telematika, keenam fitur tersebut adalah head up
display system, tangible user interface, computer vision, browsing audio data,
speech recognition, dan speech syntetis,video conference dan semua dar
kesuluruhan interface memiliki kekurangan maupun kelebihan.dan seluruh fitur
pada interface telematika sangat membantu sekali untuk seluruh bidang , baik
dibidang e-goverment ,e-bussiness,kesehatan,militer dan komunikasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">23</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
[1] Asal Mula Kata Telematika, h.1, 2006,
(http://dgk.or.id/archives/2006/03/03/asal-mula-kata-telematika/). <br />
[2] fitur-fitur pada telematika (http://ita-kyu-kiyut.blogspot.com/2010/11)<br />
[3] teknologi layanan dan fitur di interface telematika
(http://hotaruu.wordpress.com/2009/11/24)-fitur-di-interface-telamatika).<br />
[4] Seluk Beluk Telematika, h.1, 2001, (http://www.beritanet.com/Technology/Communication/seluk-beluk-telematika.htm)<br />
[5]sucipto (http://e-majalah.com/0508sucipto.html)<br />
[6] Intan Innayatun Soeparna, Jurnal “Kejahatan Telematika Sebagai Kejahatan
Transnasional” <br />
[7] Wawan Wardiana, "Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi di Indonesia",
Makalah Disampaikan pada Seminar dan Pameran Teknologi Informasi, UNIKOM,
Bandung, 9 Juli 2002, h.2<br />
[8] Zulkarnain Nasution, Teknologi Komunikasi Dalam Perspektif Latar Belakang
dan Perkembangannya, Buku Kesatu, (Jakarta: FEUI, 1989). <br />
[9] (http://www.total.or.id/info.php?kk=Telematics) <br />
[10] Ir. Hasanuddin Sirait, MT”jurnal sejarah perkembangan teknologi
telematika” http://www.hsirait.wordpress.com, 2009<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">24</span></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-24525294516902043812013-10-31T21:56:00.001-07:002013-10-31T21:56:51.438-07:00Tugas Apa Yang Dimaksud dengan Telematika (Pengantar Telematika)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKULTAS
ILMU KOMPUTER & TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nGeEqfAQjs0/UnMyRCoTXPI/AAAAAAAAAOY/pwflbjXkefQ/s1600/gundar.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nGeEqfAQjs0/UnMyRCoTXPI/AAAAAAAAAOY/pwflbjXkefQ/s1600/gundar.png" /></a></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TUGAS
PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PERKEMBANGAN TELEMATIKA DAN KAITANNYA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DENGAN KOMPUTER</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nama & NPM<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Latifah | 13110973</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 133.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Novika Ari
Pahlawati | 1</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">5110</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">080</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 133.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Restu Anjani
| 15110772</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Fakultas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jurusan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Informasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4KA11</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Depok</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2013</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telematika dan Penerapan
Telematika Dalam Bidang Kesehatan</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah Telematika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Istilah telematika pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1978 oleh Simon Nora
dan Alain Minc dalam bukunya L'informatisation de la Societe.Istilah telematika
yang berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Perancis telematique merupakan gabungan dua
kata telekomunikasi dan informatika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian Telematika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telematika merupakan teknologi komunikasi jarak jauh, yang menyampaikan
informasi satu arah, maupun timbal balik, dengan sistem digital.pengertian
Telematika sendiri lebih mengacu kepada industri yang berhubungan dengan
penggunakan komputer dalam sistem telekomunikasi. Yang termasuk dalam
telematika ini adalah layanan dial up ke Internet maupun semua jenis jaringan
yang didasarkan pada sistem telekomunikasi untuk mengirimkan data. Internet
sendiri merupakan salah satu contoh telematika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telematika menunjuk pada hakikat cyberspace sebagai suatu sistem elektronik
yang lahir dari perkembangan dan konvergensi telekominikasi, media, dan
informatika.Dalam Pengantar pada Mata Kuliah Hukum Telematikan Fakultas Hukum
Universitas Indonesia, dinyatakan bahwa istilah telematika merujuk pada
perkembangan konvergensi antara teknologi telekomunikasi, media, dan
informatika yang semula masing-masing berkembang secara terpisah.Istilah
Teknologi Informasi itu sendiri merujuk pada perkembangan teknologi
perangkat-perangkat pengolah informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Para praktisi menyatakan bahwa TELEMATICS adalah singkatan dari
TELECOMMUNICATION and INFORMATICS sebagai wujud dari perpaduan konsep Computing
and Communication.Istilah Telematics juga dikenal sebagai {the new hybrid
technology} yang lahir karena perkembangan teknologi digital.Perkembangan ini
memicu perkembangan teknologi telekomunikasi dan informatika menjadi semakin
terpadu atau populer dengan istilah konvergensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi Telematika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selaras dengan pengertian telematika sebagai sarana komuikasi jarak jauh,
maka fungsi dari telematika antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyampa</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> informasi.Telematika digunakan sebagai penyampai informasi agar orang yang
melakukan Komunikasi menjadi lebih berpengetahuan dari sebelumnya. Bertambahnya
pengetahuan manusia akan meningkatan keterampilan hidup, menambah kecerdasan,
meningkatkan kesadaran dan wawasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sarana Kontak sosial hidup bermasyarakat. Interaksi sosial menimbulkan
kebersamaan, keakraban, dan kesatuan yang akan melahirkan kerjasama. Telematika
menjadi penghubung diantara peserta kerjasama tersebut, walaupun mereka
tersebar dimana-mana. Telematika menjembatani proses interaksi sosial dan
kerjasama sehingga menghasilkan jasa yang memiliki nilai tambah dibanding hasil
perseorangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah Perkembangan Telematika
Di Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di zamam pra-sejarah, manusia mengkomunikasikan pikiran, pengetahuan, dan
gagasannya ke lingkungan sosialnya secara verbal.Dan dalam beberapa kasus,
dengan menggunakan simbol-simbol material berupa ukiran pada batu, dinding gua,
dan lain sebagainya.Komunikasi tertulis yang mula-mula dikembangkan
memungkinkan informasi untuk disimpan dan dibaca oleh orang-orang lain di
waktu-waktu kemudian.Penyimpanan dan pengalihan informasi melalui teknologi
umumnya berlangsung secara lamban, mahal, dan membutuhkan banyak tenaga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan ditemukannya teknologi cetak (printing technology), informasi dapat
dialihkan ke lebih banyak orang, di wilayah yang lebih luas, dan dengan biaya
yang lebih murah.Di peralihan millennium sekarang ini, perkembangan media
elektronik, mencakup radio, televisi, dan telepon, telah memungkinkan penurunan
waktu pengalihan informasi secara dramatik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jarak geografis kini tidak lagi menjadi penghalang dalam proses komunikasi
dan pertukaran informasi. Biaya penyimpanan dan pengantaran informasi secara
elektronik kini telah semakin banyak ditentukan oleh kebijakan public,
ketimbang oleh faktor-faktor teknikal semata.Misalnya, harga pusa telepon lebih
terkait dengan kebijakan regulasi public dari pada harga actual yang
dibutuhkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komputer-komputer digital dan media penyimpanan informasi berskala besar
dan missal telah memungkinkan terwujudnya basis data dengan kemampuan untuk
memproses dan memanipulasi informasi. Tidak dengan informasi tertulis, data
yang tersimpan secara elektronik ini ‘tak tampak‘ bagi mata biasa, kecuali bagi
perangkat keras dan lunak untuk melakukan decoding (seperti komputer dengan
kartu baca magnetic).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknologi pemrosesan data secara elektronik ini bersama dengan teknologi
komputer digital telah menghasilkan sebuah aliansi sinergis baru yang dikenal
luas sebagai teknologi informasi, atau Teknologi Telematika.Ruang , waktu, dan
biaya secara berangsur-angsur direduksi melalui aplikasi-aplikasi tekonologi
komputer, penyimpanan missal, dan transmisi elektronikal dan optial.
Pengontrolan informasi dalam rangka teknologi seperti ini menjadi lebih
terdistribusi ketimbang sebelumnya.Dan peranan-peranan pemerintah, agen-agen
komersial, pengusaha-pengusaha swasta menjadi lebih sulit untuk dimengerti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telekomunikasi mempunyai pengertian sebagai teknik pengiriman pesan, dari
suatu tempat ke tempat lain, dan biasanya berlangsung secara dua arah.‘Telekomunikasi’
mencakup semua bentuk komunikasi jarak jauh, termasuk radio, telegraf/ telex,
televisi, telepon, fax, dan komunikasi data melalui jaringan komputer.Sedangkan
pengertian Informatika) mencakup struktur, sifat, dan interaksi dari beberapa sistem
yang dipakai untuk mengumpulkan data, memproses dan menyimpan hasil pemrosesan
data, serta menampilkannya dalam bentuk informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di Indonesia, pengaturan dan pelaksanaan mengenai berbagai bidang usaha
yang bergerak di sektor telematika diatur oleh Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi
Telematika. Fungsi Departemen di bidang Aplikasi Telematika yang berada di
bawah dan bertanggungjawab kepada Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik
Indonesia.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsinya meliputi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyiapan perumusan kebijakan di bidang e-government, e-business, perangkat
lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan audit
aplikasi telematika;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan kebijakan di bidang e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak
dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi
telematika;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perumusan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan kelembagaan internasional di bidang
e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika
serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyusunan standar, norma, pedoman, kriteria, dan prosedur di bidang
e-government, e-business, perangkat lunak dan konten, pemberdayaan telematika
serta standardisasi dan audit aplikasi telematika;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembangunan, pengelolaan dan pengembangan infrastruktur dan manajemen
aplikasi sistem informasi pemerintahan pusat dan daerah;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemberian bimbingan teknis dan evaluasi;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan administrasi Direktorat Jenderal Aplikasi Telematika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk kasus di Indonesia, perkembangan telematika mengalami tiga periode
berdasarkan fenomena yang terjadi di masyarakat. Pertama adalah periode
rintisan yang berlangsung akhir tahun 1970-an sampai dengan akhir tahun
1980-an. Periode kedua disebut pengenalan, rentang wktunya adalah tahun
1990-an, dan yang terakhir adalah periode aplikasi. Periode ketiga ini dimulai
tahun 2000.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Periode Rintisan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memasuki tahun 1980-an, perubahan secara signifikanpun jauh dari harapan.
Walaupun demikian, selama satu dasawarsa, learn to use teknologi informasi,
telekomunikasi, multimedia, mulai dilakukan. Jaringan telpon, saluran televisi
nasional, stasiun radio nasional dan internasional, dan komputer mulai dikenal
di Indonesia, walaupun penggunaannya masih terbatas.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Periode Pengenalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periode satu dasawarsa ini, tahun 1990-an, teknologi telematika sudah
banyak digunakan dan masyarakat mengenalnya.Jaringan radio amatir yang
jangkauannya sampai ke luar negeri marak pada awal tahun 1990.hal ini juga
merupakan efek kreativitas anak muda ketika itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Periode Aplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Awal era millennium inilah, pemerintah Indonesia serius menanggapi
perkembangan telematika dalam bentuk keputusan politik, selanjutnya, teknologi
mobile phone begitu cepat pertumbuhannya.Bukan hanya dimiliki oleh hampir
seluruh lapisan masyarakat Indonesia, fungsi yang ditawarkan terbilang
canggih.Muatannya antara 1 Gigabyte, dapat berkoneksi dengan internet juga
stasiun televisi, dan teleconference melalui 3G. Teknologi komputer demikian,
kini hadir dengan skala tera (1000 Gigabyte), multi processor, multislot
memory, dan jaringan internet berfasilitas wireless access point. Bahkan, pada
cafe dan kampus tertentu, internet dapat diakses dengan mudah, dan gratis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain dari ke tiga periode di atas perkembanagn telematika di Indonesia
dapat dibagi lagi menjadi 2 masa yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Masa Pra-Satelit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Radio dan Telepon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di periode pra satelit (sebelum tahun 1976), perkembangan teknologi
komunikasi di Indonesia masih terbatas pada bidang telepon dan radio. Radio
Republik Indonesia (RRI) lahir dengan di dorong oleh kebutuhan yang mendesak
akan adanya alat perjuangan di masa revolusi kemerdekaan tahun 1945, dengan
menggunakan perangkat keras seadanya. Dalam situasi demikian ini para pendiri
RRI melangsungkan pertemuan pada tanggal 11 September 1945 untuk merumuskan
jati diri keberadaan RRI sebagai sarana komunikasi antara pemerintah dengan
rakyat, dan antara rakyat dengan rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan telepon pada masa itu tidak terlalu penting sehingga anggaran
pemerintah untuk membangun telekomunikasipun masih kecil jumlahnya.Saat itu,
telepon dikelola oleh PTT (Perusahaan Telepon dan Telegrap) saja. Sampai
pergantian rezim dari Orla ke Orba di tahun 1965, RRI merupakan operator
tunggal siaran radio di Indonesia. Setelah itu bermunculan radio – radio siaran
swasta.Lima tahun kemudian muncul PP NO.55 tahun 1970 yang mengatur tentang
radio siaran non pemerintah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Periode awal tahun 1960-an merupakan masa suram bagi pertelekomunikasian
Indonesia, para ahli teknologi masih menggeluti teknologi sederhana dan “kuno”.
Misalnya saja, PTT masih menggunakan sentral-sentral telepon yang manual,
teknik radio High Frequency ataupun saluran kawat terbuka (Open Were Lines).
Pada masa itu, banyak negara pemberi dana untuk Indonesia – termasuk pendana
untuk pengembangan telekomunikasi, menghentikan bantuannya. Hal itu karena
semakin memburuknya situasi dan kondisi ekonomi dan politi di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tercatat bahwa pada masa 1960-1967, hanya Jerman saja yang masih bersikap
setia dan menaruh perhatian besar pada bidang telekomunikasi Indonesia, dan
menyediakan dana walau di masa-masa sulit sekalipun. Ketika itu pengembangan
telekomunikasi masih difokuskan pada pengadaan sentra telepon, baik untuk
komunikasi lokal maupun jarak jauh, dan jaringan kabel.Indonesia saat itu belum
memiliki satelit.Sentral telepon beserta perlengkapan hubungan jarak jauh ini
diperoleh dari Jerman. Pada saat itu, Indonesia hanya dapat membeli produk yang
sama, dari perusahaan yang sama, yakni Perusahaan Jerman. Tidak ada pilihan
lain bagi Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keleluasaan barulah bisa dirasakan setelah di tahun 1967/1968 mengalir
pinjaman-pinjaman ke Indonesia, baik bilateral ataupun pinjaman multilateral
dari Bank Dunia, melalui pinjaman yang disepakati IGGI. Akan tetapi, pada masa
inipun inovasi dalam pemfungsian teknologi telekomunikasi masih belum berkembang
dengan baik di negeri ini. Peda dasarnya kita memberi dan memakai perlengkapan
seperti switches, cables, carries yang sudah lazim kita pakai sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Televisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan penyiaran televisi lahir tahun 1962 sebelum adanya satelit yang semula
hanya dimaksudkan sebagai perlengkapan bagi penyelenggara Asian Games IV di
Jakarta.Siaran percobaan pertama kali terjadi pada 17 Agustus 1962 yang
menyiarkan upacara peringatan kemerdekaan RI dari Istana Merdeka melalui
microwave.Dan pada tanggal 24 Agustus 1962, TVRI bisa menyiarkan upacara
pembukaan Asian Games, dan tanggal itu dinyatakan sebagai hari jadi TVRI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdorong oleh inovasi, akhirnya pada tanggal 14 November 1962 untuk
pertama kalinya TVRI memberanikan diri melakukan siaran langsung dari studio
yang berukuran 9×11 meter dan tanpa akustik yang memadai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lebih setahun setelah siaran pertama, barulah keberadaan TVRI dijelaskan
dengan pembentukan Yayasan TVRI melalui Keppres No. 215/1963 tertanggal 20
Oktober 1963. Antara lain disebutkan bahwa TVRI menjadi alat hubungan
masyarakat (mass communication media) dalam pembangunan mental/spiritual dan
fisik daripada Bangsa dan Negara Indonesia serta pembentukan manusia sosialis
Indonesia pada khususnya. Sampai tahun 1989, TVRI merupakan operator tunggal di
bidang penyiaran televisi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi sebelum satelit palapa mengorbit, Indonesia hanya mengenal
telekomunikasi yang bersifat terestrial, yakni yang jangkauannya masih dibatasi
oleh lautan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Masa Satelit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Satelit Domestik Palapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gagasan tentang peluncuran satelit bagi telekomunikasi domestik di
Indonesia bisa ditelusuri asal muasalnya dari sebuah konferensi di Janewa tahun
1971 yang disebut WARCST (World Administrative Radio Confrence on Space
Telecomunication).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada konferensi itu di tampilkan pila pameran dari perusahaan raksasa
pesawat terbang Hughes.Perusahaan inilah yang mengusulkan ide pemanfaatan
satelit bagi kepentingan domestik Indonesia.Hal tersebut disambut oleh
Suhardjono yang berlatar belakang militer dan membawa masalah satelit itu
sampai ke Presiden RI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain pertimbangan kelayakan ekonomi dan teknis, sejarah peluncuran
satelit ini juga diwarnai oleh kepentingan politik dimana hubungan antara
Indonesia dengan negara- negara lain sudah mulai bersahabat. Di sisi lain, satelit
memungkinkan penyebaran luas ideologi negara ke masyarakat luas melalui TV.
Komunikasi tentang cara-cara menggali sumber daya alam dapat berlangsung dengan
mudah.Ini berlaku untuk kasus tembaga pura (Freeport) dan di Dili. Peluncuran
satelit Palapa di Cape Canaveral, Florida, bulan Agustus 1976 pada panel
peluncuran terdapat 3 orang Indonesia dan perwakilan dari perusahaan NASA dan
Hughes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kejadian ini diresmikan juga melalui pidato kenegaraan oleh presiden
Soeharto di Jakarta, tanggal 16 Agustus 1976.ini merupakan satu- satunya proyek
teknologi yang mendapat tempat terhormat di gedung Parlemen. Namun peluncuran
satelit itu merupakan kebijakan nasional yang gagasan awalnya dicetuskan oleh
pemerintah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal ini didasarkan pada pertimbangan bahwa Indonesia pernah mengalami
ancaman perpecahan.Untuk mempersatukan tanah air yang sangat luas ini
diperlukan sarana perhubungan yang mencakup seluruh wilayah nusantara. Proses
kelahiran satelit ini hanya melibatkan sedikit teknokrat dan teknolog yang
berpihak pada kepentingan Orba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat Telematika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat telematika bagi masyarakat antara lain; dunia pendidikan, asosiasi,
para pengamat, industri itu sendiri,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Manfaat internet dalam e Business secara nyata dapat menekan biaya
transaksi daam berbisnis dan memberikan kemudahan dalam diversifikasi
kebutuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Manfaat internet dalam e Goverment bisa meningkatkan kinerja pemerintah
dalam menyediakan informasi dan layanan untuk masyarakat.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Dalam bidang kesehatan dan juga pendidikan secara nyata juga telah
memberikan nilah tambah bagi masyarakat luas.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Telematika cukup memberi warna tersendiri dalam perekonomian nasional.
Ditandai dengan mulai maraknya sekelompok anak muda membangun bisnis baru
menggunakan teknologi Internet, maka Indonesia tak ketinggalan dalam booming
perdagangan elektronis / electronic commerce (e-commerce).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Pembangunan sektor Telematika diyakini akan memengaruhi perkembangan
sektor-sektor lainnya. Sebagaimana diyakini oleh organisasi telekomunikasi
dunia, ITU, yang konsisten menyatakan bahwa dengan asumsi semua persyaratan
terpenuhi, penambahan investasi di sektor telekomunikasi sebesar 1% akan
mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional sebesar 3%. Hipotesis ini telah terbukti
kebenarannya di Jepang, Korea, Kanada, Australia, negara-negara Eropa,
Skandinavia, dan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. Sebagai core bisnis industry, perdagangan, efisensi dan peningkatan daya
saing perusahaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerugian Telematika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Tindakan kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan media internet.
Contohnya, tindakan yang disebut carding, adalah cyber crime dengan cara
mencuri data kartu kredit dari nasabah suatu bank, sehingga si pelaku carding
(carder) dapat menggunakan data tersebut untuk keuntungan pribadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Penyebaran virus atau malicious ware fraud atau penipuan yang menggunakan
electronic mail sebagai alat penyebaran informasi bagi si penipu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Kejahatan Telematika sebagai Kejahatan Transnasional, Contoh kejahatan
transnasional ini adalah human trafficking, penyelundupan orang, narkotika,
atau teroris internasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Kejahatan telematika merugikan individu,missal Lima orang hacker
(penyusup) yang berada di Moskow telah mencuri sekitar 5400 data kartu kredit
milik orang Rusia dan orang asing yang didapat dengan menyusup pada sistem
komputer beberapa internet retailer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Kejahatan telematika merugikan perusahaan atau organisasi, Pada tahun
1995, Julio Cesar Ardita, seorang mahasiswa dari Argentina berhasil menyusup
dan mengganti (cracking) data sistem yang ada di Fakultas Arts and Science
Universitas Harvard.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. Kejahatan telematika merugikan Negara, misalnya: Serangan yang paling
merugikan adalah pengrusakan yang dilakukan oleh hacker asing pada situs
Kementrian keuangan Romania pada tahun 1999, sehingga merugikan pemerintah
Romania milyaran dollar. Serangan ini dilakukan dengan mengganti besaran kurs
mata uang Romania sehingga banyak pembayar pajak online yang terkecoh dengan
data yang telah diganti tersebut.5 Hanya sayangnya, kejahatan ini tidak
berlanjut ke pengadilan karena tidak adanya hukum yang mengatur kejahatan
telematika yang bersifat transnasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peranan Penting Internet dalam
Perkembangan Telematika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semakin berkembangnya jaman teknologi telematikapun semakin bekembang
pesat, dimana telematika diawali pada tahun 1962, ketika Departemen Pertahanan Amerika
Serikat melakukan riset penggunaan teknologi komputer untuk kepentingan
pertahanan udara AmerikaSerikat. Melalui lembaga risetnya yaitu Advanced
Research Project Agency (ARPA) menugasithe New Information Processing
Techniques Office (IPTO), yaitu suatu lembaga yang diberi tugas untuk
melanjutkan riset penggunaan teknologi komputer di bidang pertahanan udara.
Selanjutnya pada tahun 1969 Departement Pertahanan Amerika Serikat menemukan
sebuah teknologi yang esensinya memadukan teknologi telekomunikasi dengan
komputer yang dikenal dengan nama ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network) yaitu system jaringan melalui hubungan antar komputer di daerah-daerah
vital dalam rangka mengatasi masalah jika terjadi serangan nuklir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keberhasilan dalam memadukan teknologi tersebut atau yang dikenal dengan
istilah teknologi informasi (information technology) pada tahun 1970 mulai
dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan non-militer oleh berbagai universitas.Pada dekade
inilah sebenarnya manusia telah memasuki era baru yaitu melalui
perkembangan teknologi informasi telah dimanfaatkan manusia hampir di semua
aspek kehidupan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berpadunya globalisasi dan kemajuan teknologi bidang informasi dan
komunikasi, telah mendorong munculnya jenis-jenis transaksi bisnis yang baru dan
secara berangsur cara-cara bisnis yang lama ditinggalkan. Bukan saja bisnis
menjadi semakin maju, tetapi juga jenis-jenis transaksinya makin banyak, makin
canggih dan makin cepat proses penyelesaiannya. Di pihak lain hal ini tentunya
ekses negatif yang timbul tidak dapat dihindari, karena dapat memunculkan
jenis-jenis kejahatan bisnis (business crime) baru, dan menimbulkan persoalan
lain seperti pelanggaran privacy, pornography, counterfeiting, defamation,
hackers, drug cartel, cyberquatting, international money laundering. Sedangkan
dari sisi hukum, berkembangnya kegiatan teknologi informasi menimbulkan
persfektif dalam cabang ilmu hukum antara lain, hukum perdata, pidana, tata
negara, administrasi negara dan internasional, dan dari perspektif spesialisasi
bidang hukum adalah hukum pasar modal, perbankan, hak atas kekayaan
intelektual, dan pajak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan teknologi informasi terakhir, khususnya ledakan informasi
dalam dunia maya atau telematika (cyberspace) dan internet membawa perubahan ke
segala aspek kehidupan manusia, pendidikan, hiburan, pemerintahan, dan
komunikasi. Istilah telematika menunjuk kepada sebuah ruang elektronik
(electronic space), yakni sebuah masyarakat virtual yang terbentuk melalui
komunikasi yang terjalin dalam sebuah jaringan komputer (interconnected
computer networks).Hampir setiap kali berbicara mengenai teknologi informasi,
maka sulit dipisahkan dengan persoalan jaringan(net). Dewasa ini dikenal dengan
istilah internet, intranet dan ekstranet. Dalam perkembangannya internet mempunyai
peran penting secara umum, peran penting internet tersebut dalam perkembangan
telematika, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Distribusi geografis mencakup seluruh dunia, pada saat masuk dalam
jaringan maka dapat berkomunikasi dengan siapapun di seluruh dunia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) Memperlihatkan arsitektur yang kuat, karena merupakan jaringan kerja dan
tidak terdapat pusat kontrolnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c) Kecepatan beroperasinya sesuai waktu yang sesungguhnya (real time
speed).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d) Aksesnya bersifat universal, siapapun dapat menghubungkan diri dengan jaringan
internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e) Memberikan kebebasan berbicara, tidak ada larangan untuk berpendapat dan
berbicara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan Telematika Dalam
Bidang Kesehatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah menjelaskan pengertian dari telematika, kelompok kami ingin mencoba
memberikan satu contoh bentuk penerapan dari teleamtika tersebut. Salah satu
penerapan telematika dalam bidang kesehatan ini adalah Telematika dalam
Penelitian Kesehatan, disamping Tele-Education, Telemedicine, serta Telematika
untuk Manajemen Pelayanan Kesehatan dan kelompok kami akan menjelaskan mengenai
Tekemedicine</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definisi Telemedicine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telemedicine merupakan suatu layanan kesehatan antara dokter atau praktisi
kesehatan dengan pasien jarak jauh guna mengirimkan data medik pasien
menggunakan komunikasi audio visual mengunakan infrastruktur telekomunikasi
yang sudah ada misalnya menggunakan internet,satelit dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2aw_wdUTvKM/UlFitrCAquI/AAAAAAAAASs/ZlGj6XeuIYM/s1600/tele.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari gambar diatas dapat dijelaskan lebih mendalam mengenai apa itu
telemedicine. Komponen penyusun teknologi telemedicine adalah pasien, dokter, internet
dan praktisi kesehatan.Pasien memiliki jarak yang jauh dengan dokter.Apabila
pasien ingin memeriksa kesehatan mereka tidak perlu berangkat ke tempat dokter,
ini untuk penyakit yang kecil dan menengah dan untuk perawatan jalan. Untuk
pasien dengan sakit parah dan perlu rawat inap hal ini sulit diterapkan,tetapi
masih dalam tahap pengujian.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misal untuk pasien sakit jantung, kanker, tumor dan lain-lain.Antara pasien
dengan praktisi kesehatan harus memiliki jaringan internet yang terhubung
secara global sehingga pasien bisa menggunakan telemedicine.</span></div>
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<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah Telemedicine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ide tentang pemeriksaan dan evaluasi kesehatan dengan menggunakan perangkat
jaringan telekomunikasi bukanlah hal yang baru. Setelah diperkenalkan pesawat
telepon, percobaan telemedicine telah dilakukan pertama kali dengan
men-transmisi-kan rekaman ekg melalui jaringan telepon sistem analog. Walaupun
jarak tempuh transmisi hanya beberapa kilometer, namun nilai klinisnya tidak begitu
bermakna.Setelah itu, beberapa kali dicoba untuk melakukan transmisi suara
jantung dan napas antar dokter dan pasien.Setelah Perang Dunia ke-II (1945),
teknik transmisi foto dikembangkan oleh militer di eropa.Pengalaman tersebut
memberikan inspirasi para pioner kedokteran dalam mengembangkan teknik
pengiriman gambar-gambar medis tentang penyakit dan kelainan dari pasien ke
dokter.Sejumlah peneliti kedokteran pada saat itu telah melakukan kegiatan
pendidikan, interprestasi dan menegakkan diagnosis serta melakukan pengobatan
psikiatri, dan radiologi jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejalan dengan kemajuan teknologi komputer dan sistem digital saat ini,
perkembangan telemedicine semakin berkembang.Peralatan kedokteran dapat
menghasilkan gambar digital secara langsung, selain itu juga dapat mengubah
citra video menjadi citra digital. Kini, penggunaan telemedicine sangat luas
sampai sekarang diaplikasikan di Amerika, Yunani, Israel, Jepang, Italia,
Denmark , Belanda, Norwegia, Jordan, India, dan Malaysia.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah Telemedicine di
Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telemedicine di Indonesia sudah berkembang cukup signifikan.Di Indonesia
sudah meluai menggunakan telemedicine sejak tahun 90an. Pada era tersebut masih
menggunakan teknologi telepon standar. Di era sekarang telemedicine sudah
berkembang lebih pesat, misalnya di Surabaya antar puskesmas di seluruh
Surabaya sudah saling terhubung dengan tekologi internet dan sudah
terhubungsatu dengan yang lain, selain itu puskesmas juga sudah terhubung
dengan pusat kesehatan kota.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tetapi bandwidth di Indonesia masih kurang untuk dilakukan teleconference
antar pasien dengan praktisi kesehatan. Tetapi hal ini memungkinkan apabila
antar puskesmas dengan pusat kesehatan kota memiliki akses internet sendiri
tidak menggunakan layanan public internet.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaaat Telemedicine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mafaat telemedicine adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempercepat akses pasien ke pusat-pusat rujukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mudah mendapatkan pertolongan sambil menunggu pertolongan langsung dari
dokter-dokter pribadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pasien merasakan tetap dekat dengan rumah dimana keluarga dan sahabat dapat
memberikan dukungan langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurunkan stres mental atau ketegangan yang dirasakan di tempat kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menseleksi antara pasien-pasien yang perlu dibawa ke rumah sakit dan pasien
yang tidak perlu perawatan di rumah sakit akan tetap tinggal di rumah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Telemedicine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Telemedicine dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua macam yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Skala Mikro</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dilaksanakan oleh salah satu intansi layanan kesehatan dalam skala terbatas</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Skala Makro</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Sektoral - Terbatas untuk satu subdisiplin ilmu kedokteran/
bidang layanan kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Regional - Mencakup keseluruhan bidang layanan kesehatan
terbatas pada wilayah tertentu dalam satu negara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Nasional - Mencakup seluruh bidang layanan kesehatan di
seluruh wilayah suatu negara</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi telemedicine sangatlah luas, tergantung dari materi dan objek
transmisi nya. Misalnya:teleradiologi, telepatologi, teledermatologi,
telekardiologi, telepsikiatri, teleneurologi, teleedukasi, telekonsultasi,
pengobatan telenuklir, teleotorinolaringologi dan penatalaksanaan trauma jarak
jauh. Selain itu dikenal pula berbagai disiplin telemedicine lainnya seperti
telenursing (pelayanan keperawatan jarak jauh), dan teleprescribing (resep
jarak jauh).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perangkat keras dan lunak telemedicine sangat mahal, terutama transmisi
yang menggunakan saluran pita lebar, sehingga akses pusat kontrol dan server
sebaiknya berada di center-center besar.Namun harus dibedakan mana yang bisa
diaplikasikan sesuai kemampuan, dan mana yang harus menunggu pemakaian
teknologi tinggi. Semua pengiriman pencitraan (image) baik ekokardiografi real
time maupun film citra x-ray , ct-scan ataupun angiogram memerlukan saluran
pita lebar dan jaringan digital dengan biaya tinggi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pilihan telekomunikasi yang dapat dilakukan untuk aplikasi Telemedicine
antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saluran telepon standar (public switched telephone network; PSTN)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ISDN (integrated service digital network)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koneksi satelit</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknologi nirkabel</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Koneksi gelombang mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Leased line</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ATM (asynchronous transfer mode): teknologi relay sel.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa kasus aplikasi satelit untuk pelayanan kesehatan jarak jauh,
antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaringan Informasi Medis Asia-Pasifik via ETS-V</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(AMINE – Asia Pacific Medical Information Network via ETS-V. Proyek yang
dilaksanakan oleh National Space Development Agency (NASDA) dan Departemen Pos
dan telekomunikasi Jepang serta dibantu oleh Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Tokai Jepang ini mendirikan 25 stasiun bumi yang menggunakan L-Band VSAT di
setiap stasiunnya. Stasiun bumi tersebut tersebar di Thailand, Kamboja, Papua
Nugini, Fiji, China, dan Jepang.Setelah selama empat tahun beroperasi (1992-1996)
ternyata 80% traffik adalah trafik non-klinis seperti masalah-masalah
administrasi, manajemen rumah sakit, dan urusan logistik.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh Karena itu AMINE merekomendasikan agar desain telemedicine di masa
yang akan datang turut memperhitungkan trafik-trafik non-klinis seperti ini.
Hasil yang nyata adalah AMINE telah berhasil menyelamatkan banyak pasien
terutama di negara berkembang di asia pasifik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telemedicine via ACTS (Advanced Communications Technology Satellite ) –
NASA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ACTS merupakan salah satu pionir dalam mengaplikasikan telemedicine via
satelit. Salah satu eksprimen telemedicine yang dilakukan adalah
telemammography, yang mendemontrasikan pengiriman citra mammografi resolusi
tinggi dari daerah pedesaan ke kota menggunakan jaringan akses satelit. Mammografi
adalah citra radiologi yang dapat membantu pendeteksian kanker payudara dalam
tahap dini. Sayangnya dibutuhkan ahli radiologi yang berpengalaman untuk
menginterpretasikan citra tersebut yang tidak selalu tersedia didaerah pedesaan
atau kota kecil. Eksprimen ini menghubungkan tempat screening di kota kecil
atau pedesaan dengan suatu institusi medis di kota besar. Keberhasilan program
ini membutuhkan integrasi antara satelit dan infrastruktur terestrial di
fakultas kedokteran kampus/rumah sakit, pemoresan citra, keamanan data pasien,
juga perangkat lunak yang mengontrol proses screening. Salah satu kesulitan
yang dihadapi pada telemammografi ini adalah citra yang dihasilkan berukuran
besar. Untuk teknik mammography direct digital, kompresi 20:1 diperlukan agar
citra dapat ditransmisikan kurang dari 1 menit dengan menggunakan T1. Tetapi
kompresi sebanyak ini mengorbankan beberapa data pada citra.Karena itu
eksprimen ini menyarankan pengembangan teknik kompresi citra disamping
perbaikan sistem yang mampu mentransmisikan citra lebih cepat.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tipe-tipe Teknologi yang
Digunakan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dua jenis teknologi yang berbeda paling banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi
telemedicine sekarang ini. Yang pertama dikenal dengan istilah store danforward
digunakan untuk mentransfer image digital dari satu lokasi ke lokasi yang lain.
Sebuah citra digital diambil menggunakan kamera digital (disimpan) dan kemudian
di kirim (forward) oleh komputer ke lokasi lainnya.Hal ini biasanya dilakukan
untuk kondisi yang tidak darurat, ketika sebuah diagnosis atau konsultasi
dibuat dalam kurun waktu 24-48 jam dan dikirim kembali.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gambar mungkin dikirimkan dalam 1 gedung, antar gedung dalam 1 kotaatau
dari beberapa lokasi ditempat yang berbeda negara.Teleradiology, pengiriman
gambar X-ray, CT scan atau MRI adalah aplikasi yang paling sering digunakan
dalam dunia telemedicine saat ini.Ada ratusan pusat kesehatan, klinik dan
dokter pribadi yang menggunakan beberapa bentuk teleradiologi.Beberapa
radiologis menginstall teknologi komputer di rumahmereka, sehinggga mereka bisa
menerima gambar yang dikirim ke mereka dan melakukan diagnosis, daripada harus
menempuh perjalanan ke klinik atau rumah sakit tertentu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telepathology adalah contoh lain dari penggunaan teknologi telemedicine.
Citra pathologi dikirim dari satu lokasi ke lokasi lainnya untuk konsultasi
diagnosis.Dermatologi juga cocok untuk pengaplikasian telemedicine (meskipun
praktisi lebih banyak mencoba menggunakan teknologi interaktif untuk pengamatan
kulit).Citra digital dari kondisi suatu kulit diambil dan dikirim ke
dermatologist untuk diagnosis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telemedisin (telemedicine) dari arti katanya dapat diartikan sebagai
kedokteran jarak jauh.Layanan kedokteran (klinis) dimaksud dapat berupa
(transfer/transmisi) data (medis) dari proses wawancara (mis.
anamnesis=wawancara dokter-pasien; dokter-mahasiswa dalam proses edukasi),
pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan laboratorium, pemeriksaan penunjang, peresepan
bahkan tindakan perawatan dan pengobatan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Data medis yang nantinya menjadi informasi yang lebih bermakna itu dapat
berwujud format teks, citra/gambar/foto, video, audio/suara, biosinyal.Jarak
jauh dimaksudkan adanya perbedaan geografis (mis. regional, internasional) antara
pemberi layanan dan yang dilayani.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Layanan kedokteran jarak jauh ini dapat terlaksana berkat pemanfaatan
teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK).Telemedisin bukanlah teknologi yang
benar-benar baru.Bukan hanya dalam khayalan.Telemedisin modern sudah ada sejak
telepon digunakan. Telemedisin masa kini akan lebih mengacu pada pemanfaatan
TIK yang lebih canggih.Istilah telemedisin disini lebih spesifik pada bidang
kedokteran (klinis) dibanding istilah telehealth, telecare, telenursing.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peluang Telemedicine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah jarak terkait dengan bagaimana caranya memberikan akses layanan
kedokteran yang berkualitas dengan biaya murah dan terjangkau, berkelanjutan,
demi mencapai masyarakat yang sehat dan sejahtera.Bayangkan ketersediaan dan
rasio tenaga dokter dan dokter spesialis di daerah-daerah terpencil di
Indonesia.Telemedcine menawarkan solusinya dengan menjanjikan diantaranya
efisiensi, efektivitas, interaktivitas, kolaborasi dan ubiquitous.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diharapkan menjadi lebih hemat jarak, waktu dan biaya.Juga meningkatkan
kerjasama lintas geografis.Mudah diakses dengan berbagai perangkat, darimana
dan kapan saja.Telemedicine yang sudah sering dilakukan diantaranya dalam
bentuk telekonsultasi. Bisa melalui telepon, pesan singkat (SMS), MMS, chat
bahkan video call. Juga konsultasi dokter online via web seperti mail list,
forum, blog, Twitter, Plurk, Facebook, webcam, dll.Telekonsultasi yang populer
berupa telekonferensi dan videokonferensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang sekadar bersifat pengawasan dan pemeliharaan dapat berupa telemonitoring.Terkait
bidang pendidikan disebut tele-education yang dapat digunakan juga sebagai
ubiquitous learning.Di bidang kedokteran sendiri dikenal istilah teleradiologi
(terkait dengan PACS [Picture Archiving and Communication System]),
telekardiologi, telesurgery, telepatologi, telepsikiatri, teledermatologi,
teleoftalmologi, teleobstetri-ginekologi, telepediatrik, dll.Beberapa
penelitian menyatakan telemedisin efektif dan efisien digunakan untuk kasus
penyakit kronis dan rawat jalan serta mampu mengurangi angka rujukan serta lama
rawat inap. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknologi Telemedicine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di sisi klien/pasien dibutuhkan suatu alat yang mampu menggantikan fungsi
panca indera dan aktivitas dokter.Misalnya kamera video, stetoskop elektron,
elektrokardiografi, dermatoskop elektron, ultrasonografi elektron, robot bedah,
dll.Data bisa pula ditangkap dan diolah dengan bantuan perangkat lunak atau
sistem manajemen data tertentu.Seperti pengolah citra pada CT-Scan, aplikasi
berbasis web, pengatur kompresi, dll.Format data sebaiknya memiliki standar,
seperti XML, JPEG, dll. Diperlukan juga standardisasi proses, antarmuka,
kualitas data, lama penyimpanan dan sebagainya.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Data yang terkumpul dapat langsung diteruskan secara waktu nyata (real
time/synchronous) atau disimpan dulu (asynchronous). Data dapat juga diminta
sewaktu-waktu menggunakan metode pull technology atau cukup menunggu kiriman
dari klien dengan cara push technology.Jaringan yang digunakan untuk
mengantarkan data dapat memanfaatkan kabel, nirkabel bahkan koneksi satelit.
Tergantung pada lebar pita (bandwidth) yang dibutuhkan untuk transfer data.Data
yang sampai di stasiun penerima (mis. rumah sakit, klinik, praktik swasta,
farmasi, laboratorium, dll) dapat diolah. Atau cukup dijadikan arsip.Jika
diperlukan, informasi disampaikan kembali ke klien.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Telemedicine Di
Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di Indonesia, dinyatakan beberapa pusat pelayanan kesehatan di daerah
sebenarnya telah dilengkapi dengan peralatan yang mendukung telekonferensi.
Langkah bertahap menuju telemedisin yang lebih maju. Beberapa berita penerapan
dan penelitian telemedicine di Indonesia (dimutakhirkan 29 Januari 2009):</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telemedicine, Berobat Via Internet!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dokter di Bandung Obati Pasien di Aceh (2005)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RSUD Terapkan Mobile Telemedicine System (2008)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penelitian telemedisin di arsip ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hambatan Telemedicine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumber daya manusia dan teknologi yang ditanamkan tidak bisa dibilang
murah.Belum lagi faktor budaya.Dokter umum lokal biasanya lebih paham kondisi
kesehatan di daerahnya dibanding dokter spesialis/konsultan yang tidak mengenal
kondisi geografis daerah tersebut. Dokter memang tidak akan tergantikan oleh
mesin. Tapi mesin akan banyak menjembatani hubungan dokter-pasien. Ringkasnya,
telemedicine sebagai suatu alat bantu telah menawarkan beberapa peluang. Dengan
mengutamakan keselamatan pasien yang didukung regulasi, standar, penelitian dan
kedokteran berbasis bukti, telemedisin mungkin dapat membantu terwujudnya
masyarakat yang sehat dan sejahtera.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">19</span></b><br />
<br />
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUTAKA :</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://q2nsinfomasi08.blogspot.com/2012/01/telematika-dan-penerapan-telematika.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://q2nsinfomasi08.blogspot.com/2012/01/telematika-dan-penerapan-telematika.html</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://nurindahhidayati.blogspot.com/2009/11/pengantar-telematika.html</span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://suciptoardi.wordpress.com/2008/05/15/perkembangan-telematika-di-indonesia/</span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://wyoeholic.wordpress.com/tag/telematika/</span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://www.gudangmateri.com/2010/08/perkembangan-telematika-di-indonesia.html</span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-91999027574509290322013-10-31T21:56:00.000-07:002013-10-31T21:56:23.523-07:00Tugas Arsitektur (Pengantar Telematika)<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">TUGAS
PENGANTAR TELEMATIKA</span></b></div>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arsitektur
Client – Server</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arsitektur pada jaringan Client - Server
adalah model konektifitas jaringan yang membedakan fungsi - fungsi komputer
sebagai Client (Komputer peminta) dan server (komputer pemberi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arsitektur ini membedakan sebuah komputer
sebagai server sebagain pusat pemrosesan data dan pemberi pelayanan kepada
terminal - terminal lainnya yang terhubung dalam sistem jaringan itu sendiri,
komputer yang meminta pelayanan itu disebut sebagai client. Server juga dapat
berfungsi sebagai pemberi layanan sharing file (file server), printer sharing,
jalur komunikasi dan lain lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada model arsitektur ini, sebuah komputer
hanya bisa berfungsi menjadi client saja atau menjadi server saja. Prinsip
kerja dari arsitektur Client Server sederhana saja, dimana Komputer yang
menjadi server akan menunggu datangnya permintaan dari Client, memproses
permintaan dan memberikan hasil proses tersebut kepada client. Sedangkan client
akan mengirimkan permintaan ke Server, menunggu proses selesai dan melihat
hasil proses secara visual.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arsitektur
jenis Client Server bisanya diperuntukkan untuk jaringan yang berskala besar.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Protokol utama yang digunakan dalam
arsitektur Client Server adalah TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol), Sedangkan sistem operasi yang biasanya digunakan adalah
Unix, dan Linux, serta beberapa server menggunakan Windows NT.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Di Internet, Lingkungan databasenya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Menggunakan LAN untuk PC,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Masing - masing PC memiliki media penimpanan sendiri,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Arsitektur ini memungkinkan adanya Hardware Sharing dan Software
Sharing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">20</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-s1WeDH2rX4E/Tog5zBaKdYI/AAAAAAAAAb4/mJ-GAbIGuXU/s1600/Client+Server+Architect.gif"><span style="color: #3273d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Komponen
Dasar Client Server</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada dasarnya Client Server terdiri dari 3
komponen pembentuk dasar, yaitu Client, Middleware, dan Server. Gubungan dari
ketiganya dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mzi4NQ2Bnng/Tog51_sV5aI/AAAAAAAAAcM/Pv7T6ZolYVk/s1600/Client+Server+Middleware.gif"><span style="color: #3273d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arsitektur
File Server</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Model
pertama Client/Server</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semua
pemrosesan dilakukan pada sisi workstation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Satu
atau beberapa server terhubungkan dalam jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Server
bertindak sebagai file server</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>File server bertindak sebagai
pengelola file dan memungkinkan klien mengakses file tersebut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setiap
klien dilengkapi DBMS tersendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DBMS
berinteraksi dengan data yang tersimpan dalam bentuk file pada server</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">21</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aktivitas
pada klien:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meminta
data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meminta
penguncian data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tanggapan
dari klien</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memberikan
data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengunci
data dan memberikan statusnya</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9DZzRM_8iSk/Tog51a8rtAI/AAAAAAAAAcI/zE3JxnKh80I/s1600/Client+Server+LAN.gif"><span style="color: #3273d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Batasan
File Server</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beban jaringan tinggi karena tabel
yang diminta akan diserahkan oleh file server ke klien melalui jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setiap
klien harus memasang DBMS sehingga mengurangi memori</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klien harus mempunyai kemampuan
proses tinggi untuk mendapatkanresponse time yang bagus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Salinan DBMS pada setiap klien harus
menjaga integritas databasse yang dipakai secara bersama-sama ð tanggung jawab
diserahkan kepada programmer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Arsitektur
Database Server</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klien bertanggung jawab dalam
mengelola antar muka pemakai (mencakup logika penyajian data, logika pemrosesan
data, logika aturan bisnis)</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">22</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Database server bertanggung jawab
pada penyimpana</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">n</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">,
pengaksesan, dan pemrosesan database</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Database
serverlah yang dituntut memiliki kemampuan pemrosesan yang tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beban
jaringan menjadi berkurang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Otentikasi pemakai, pemeriksaan
integrasi, pemeliharaan data dictionary dilakukan pada database server</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Database
server merupakan implementasi dari two-tier architecture</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SEBka6P_2IQ/Tog505wiGuI/AAAAAAAAAcE/ffbhgPzXTsM/s1600/Client+Server+LAN+2.gif"><span style="color: #3273d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1.
Standalone (one-tier)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada arsitektur ini semua pemrosesan
dilakukan pada mainframe.Kode aplikasi, data dan semua komponen sistem
ditempatkan dan dijalankan pada host.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Walaupun komputer client dipakai untuk
mengakses mainframe, tidak ada pemrosesan yang terjadi pada mesin ini, dan
karena mereka “dump-client” atau “dump-terminal”.Tipe model ini, dimana semua
pemrosesan terjadi secara terpusat, dikenal sebagai berbasis-host.Sekilas dapat
dilihat kesalahan pada model ini. Ada dua masalah pada komputasi berbasis host:
Pertama, semua pemrosesan terjadi pada sebuah mesin tunggal, sehingga semakin
banyak user yang mengakses host, semakin kewalahan jadinya.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">23</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jika sebuah perusahaan memiliki beberapa
kantor pusat, user yang dapat mengakses mainframe adalah yang berlokasi pada
tempat itu, membiarkan kantor lain tanpa akses ke aplikasi yang ada.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lfCtOaLASeI/Tog52XVvbEI/AAAAAAAAAcQ/T840YGXU_nA/s1600/Client+Server+One+Tier.gif"><span style="color: #3273d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.
Client/Server (two-tier)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam model client/server, pemrosesan pada
sebuah aplikasi terjadi pada client dan server.Client/server adalah tipikal
sebuah aplikasi two-tier dengan banyak client dan sebuah server yang
dihubungkan melalui sebuah jaringan, seperti terlihat dalam gambar 1.2.Aplikasi
ditempatkan pada komputer client dan mesin database dijalankan pada server
jarak-jauh.Aplikasi client mengeluarkan permintaan ke database yang mengirimkan
kembali data ke client-nya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam client/server, client-client yang
cerdas bertanggung jawab untuk bagian dari aplikasi yang berinteraksi dengan
user, termasuk logika bisnis dan komunikasi dengan server database. Tipe-tipe
tugas yang terjadi pada client adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Antarmuka
pengguna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Interaksi
database</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengambilan
dan modifikasi data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sejumlah
aturan bisnis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penanganan
kesalahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">24</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Model client/server memiliki sejumlah
keterbatasan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kurangnya
skalabilitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Koneksi
database dijaga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak
ada keterbaharuan kode</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak
ada tingkat menengah untuk menangani keamanan dan transaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.
Three-Tier / Multi-Tier</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Model three-tier atau multi-tier dikembangkan
untuk menjawab keterbatasan pada arsitektur client/server.Dalam model ini,
pemrosesan disebarkan di dalam tiga lapisan (atau lebih jika diterapkan
arsitektur multitier).Lapisan ketiga dalam arsitektur ini masing-masing
menjumlahkan fungsionalitas khusus.Yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Layanan
presentasi (tingkat client)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Layanan
bisnis (tingkat menengah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Layanan
data (tingkat sumber data)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Layanan presentasi atau logika antarmuka
pengguna ditempatkan pada mesin client.Logika bisnis dikeluarkan dari kode
client dan ditempatkan dalam tingkat menengah.Lapisan layanan data berisi
server database.Setiap tingkatan dalam model three-tier berada pada komputer
tersendiri.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="background: #EEEEEE;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qAsHL8NowOg/Tog5ynregkI/AAAAAAAAAb0/77XmEf_ePYY/s1600/Client+Server+3+Tier.gif"><span style="color: #3273d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Konsep model three-tier adalah model yang
membagi fungsionalitas ke dalam lapisan-lapisan, aplikasiaplikasi mendapatkan
skalabilitas, keterbaharuan, dan keamanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">25</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Client-server adalah suatu bentuk
arsitektur di dalam suatu jaringan komputer atau internet, dimana client adalah
perangkat yang menerima yang akan menampilkan dan menjalankan aplikasi
(software komputer) dan server adalah perangkat yang menyediakan dan bertindak
sebagai pengelola aplikasi, data, dan keamanannya. Server biasanya terhubung
dengan client melalui kabel UTP dan sebuah kartu jaringan (network card).Kartu
jaringan ini biasanya berupa kartu PCI atau ISA.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dan dalam
penerapannya arsitektur Client-server terbagi menjadi beberapa kelompok salah
satunya adalah Arsitektur Client Server Side. Pada arsitektur ini menerapkan
respon dinamis, yang di-generate oleh pengguna teknologi server side. Terdapat
banyak teknologi server side script yang populer saat ini, di antaranya yaitu:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Active Server Pages (ASP), merupakan teknologi
Microsoft. Halaman-halaman web ASP biasanya memiliki ekstensi .asp atau
.aspx.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), merupakan teknologi
open source. Halaman-halaman web PHP memiliki ekstensi .php atau .php3.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Java Server Pages (JSP), merupakan teknologi Java -
Sun, yang berisikan kode-kode Java dalam mengenerate halaman web dengan
ekstensi file .jsp.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dengan teknologi
server side script ini, kita lebih dimudahkan untuk memelihara, updating dan
mengembangkan halaman-halaman web secara dinamis terutama untuk pengelolaan
website yang dalam skala besar.Para developer perlu menyisipkan kode-kode
program server-side ke dalam halaman HTML. Kode ini di-passing ke dalam
interpreter yang akan memproses instruksi-instruksi di dalamnya dan
men-generate HTML final yang akan ditampilkan di layar browser. Perlu diketahui
bahwa kode-kode server-side script yang disisipkan dalam halaman HTML tidak
dapat ditampilkan (invisible) oleh client walaupun client menampilkan source
halaman web tersebut, dikarenakan server hanya mengirimkan kode HTML.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan dalam Client Server pada
Jaringan Internet terdapat beberapa Protokol yang sering digunakan, yaitu :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), digunakan dalam
World Wide Web (WWW) yang berfungsi untuk transfer halaman web dan seluruh
file yang terletak dalam halaman web seperti gambar, multimedia,
attachment file, dan lain sebagainya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FTP (File Transfer Protocol), berfungsi untuk transfer
file dari server ke client atau sebaliknya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), digunakan untuk
pengiriman email.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telnet Protocol, digunakan untuk membuka sesi telnet,
yaitu sesi koneksi remote login dari satu komputer ke komputer yang lain.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Web menggunakan
protokol yang bersifat connection-less. Artinya setiap setelah terjadi
interaksi antara client dan server, koneksi antara keduanya akan terputus,
demikian seterusnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">27</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUTAKA :</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://q2nsinfomasi08.blogspot.com/2012/01/telematika-dan-penerapan-telematika.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://q2nsinfomasi08.blogspot.com/2012/01/telematika-dan-penerapan-telematika.html</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://nurindahhidayati.blogspot.com/2009/11/pengantar-telematika.html</span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://suciptoardi.wordpress.com/2008/05/15/perkembangan-telematika-di-indonesia/</span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://wyoeholic.wordpress.com/tag/telematika/</span></u></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://www.gudangmateri.com/2010/08/perkembangan-telematika-di-indonesia.html</span></u></i></div>
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<a href="http://daniiswara.net/2009/01/telemedisin-bukan-khayalan/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://daniiswara.net/2009/01/telemedisin-bukan-khayalan/</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></u></i></div>
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<a href="http://kaze-akira.blogspot.com/2011/09/arsitektur-clinet-server.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://kaze-akira.blogspot.com/2011/09/arsitektur-clinet-server.html</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></i></div>
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<a href="http://shakeyourbrain99.blogspot.com/2011/10/arsitektur-client-server-side.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://shakeyourbrain99.blogspot.com/2011/10/arsitektur-client-server-side.html</span></i></a><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">28</span></b></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-78613215980293571612013-10-26T20:13:00.003-07:002013-10-26T20:19:27.526-07:00Tugas AKS 1 (Analisis Kinerja Sistem)<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">WBS penulisan ilmiah yang telah dibuat:</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">1. Struktur Navigasi</span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Struktur
navigasi berfungsi untuk menceritakan struktur atau alur cerita dari suatu
program. Struktur navigasi yang digunakan untuk membuat aplikasi pengenalan bahasa
mandarin ini yaitu struktur navigasi campuran.</span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h3UjtvCMuaE/UmyC-qNzQ7I/AAAAAAAAAOA/aAXwFHY37Jc/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="325" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h3UjtvCMuaE/UmyC-qNzQ7I/AAAAAAAAAOA/aAXwFHY37Jc/s400/Untitled.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Rancangan struktur navigasi pada aplikasi Pengenalan Bahasa
Mandarin ini adalah struktur navigasi
campuran sering disebut struktur navigasi bebas, yaitu merupakan suatu
struktur gabungan dari struktur navigasi linier dan hirarki untuk menampilkan
data atau gambar pada layer dengan
kriteria tertentu. Struktur navigasi linier dimulai dari launch menuju menu
utama, sedangkan hirarki dimulai dari menu utama yang dapat menuju ke <i>image button</i> buah, hewan, tentang, dan
keluar. </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Pada </span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">h</span><span style="font-size: small; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">alaman pertama yang akan tampil pada aplikasi </span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan
Bahasa Mandarin</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">ini adalah halaman layar <i>Splash
Screen </i>yaitu layar untuk menunggu
k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">e halaman berikutnya. </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">Layar </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">Menu</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan halaman utama dari aplikasi ini.
Pada layar ini terdapat </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">empat </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">buah </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">image </span></i><i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">button</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;"> pilihan yaitu </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;">buah, hewan, tentang, dan
keluar. </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt; line-height: 150%;"> Jika memilih menu buah, maka akan
menampilkan gambar buah dengan tulisan bahasa mandarin, dan jika <i>image button play</i> diklik maka akan
keluar tulisan bahasa indonesia dan bahasa mandarin beserta suara. Pada
pembelajaran buah yang terakhir yaitu ke dua puluh, maka akan terdapat <i>image button</i> untuk kembali ke menu awal.
Begitu pula dengan memilih menu hewan. Menu tentang untuk menampilkan informasi
tentang aplikasi dan menu keluar untuk keluar dari aplikasi.</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> Storyboard</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">Storyboard</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> merupakan hal yang penting dalam pembuatan rancangan aplikasi
karena memperlihatkan hubungan rantai kerja dari beberapa halaman atau <i>form</i> yang berbeda. </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Dalam pembuatan aplikasi </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">ini </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">akan dibangun yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">:</span></span></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VemXqahMNO4/UmyDh8cFdOI/AAAAAAAAAOI/rYWZb4jqkeg/s1600/Untitled1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VemXqahMNO4/UmyDh8cFdOI/AAAAAAAAAOI/rYWZb4jqkeg/s400/Untitled1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">Alur
diatas merupakan langkah-langkah yang dilakukan pengguna dalam menggunakan
aplikasi ini. Penjelasan alur aplikasi ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span></b></span></span><br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
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</span></b></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Pada saat aplikasi ini dijalankan maka tampilan pertama
pada aplikasi ini adalah <i><span lang="IN">splash screen</span></i><span lang="IN">, yaitu hanya tampilan yang diatur setelah
beberapa saat akan bergerak ke tampilan berikutnya.</span></span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">
</span></b></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Setelah <span lang="IN">halaman
<i>splash screen </i>muncul, akan muncul
tampilan menu yang berisikan</span> buah, hewan, tentang, keluar.</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">
</span></b></span></span>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Jika user memilih menu buah, maka akan menuju ke
tampilan pembelajaran buah yang dilengkapi dengan gambar buah, tulisan bahasa
Indonesia beserta bahasa mandarin buah, dan audio suara.</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Jika user memilih menu hewan, maka akan menuju ke
tampilan pembelajaran hewan yang dilengkapi dengan gambar hewan, tulisan bahasa
Indonesia beserta bahasa mandarin buah, dan audio suara.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
5.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span lang="IN">Jika <i>user</i> memilih menu tentang, maka akan
muncul ke tampilan yang berisikan tentang aplikasi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
6.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span lang="IN">Jika memilih menu keluar,</span> maka akan
muncul pilihan ya atau tidak, jika ya maka akan keluar dari aplikasi, jika
tidak akan kembali ke menu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.35pt;">
<br /></div>
</span></b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%;">
</span></b></span></span></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7441527408471007765.post-68312237674942673492013-10-17T17:49:00.003-07:002013-10-17T17:49:32.200-07:00Arsitektur (Pengantar Telematika)<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">ARSITEKTUR CLIENT SERVER
</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div class="post-header">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>Di era globalisasi ini, dimana segala sesuatunya itu berjalan dengan
cepat, kemajuan teknologi semakin memudahkan manusia untuk berkomunikasi
dan saling bertukar informasi. Semua orang di zaman sekarang ini
hampir setiap individu sudah memiliki komputer. <br /> Client merupakan
sembarang sistem atau proses yang melakukan suatu permintaan data atau
layanan ke server sedangkan server ialah, sistem atau proses yang
menyediakan data atau layanan yang diminta oleh client. Client-Server
adalah pembagian kerja antara server dan client yg mengakses server
dalam suatu jaringan. Jadi arsitektur client-server adalah desain sebuah
aplikasi terdiri dari client dan server yang saling berkomunikasi
ketika mengakses server dalam suatu jaringan.</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span><img alt="" 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" /></span> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>ARSITEKTUR SISI KLIEN <br /><br />Ada beberapa karakteristik dari sisi klien pada umunya sudah kita ketahui, yaitu :<br /><br />1. Pihak klien selalu memulai permintaan/permohonan ke pihak server<br />2. Setelah mengirim permintaan, kemudian klien akan menunggu balasan atau <br /> jawaban atas permintaannya dari server<br />3. Menerima balasan dari server atas permintaannya <br />4. Biasanya klien akan terhubung ke sejumlah kecil dari server pada satu waktu<br />5. Biasanya berinteraksi langsung dengan end-user (pengguna akhir) dengan <br /> menggunakan user interface (antarmuka pengguna)<br />6. Khusus jenis klien mencakup web browser, email klien dan online chat klien<br /><br />ARSITEKTUR SISI SERVER <br /><br />Sama dengan sisi klien (client side), sisi server (side server) juga memiliki karakteristik seperti di bawah ini :<br /><br />1. Sebagai penyedia layanan, sisi server akan selalu menunggu permintaan dari <br /> sisi klien<br />2. Sesuai dengan tugasnya, melayani dan menjawab permintaan data yang <br /> diminta oleh klien<br />3. Sebuah server dapat berkomunikasi dengan server lain untuk melayani <br /> permintaan klien<br />4. Jenis server khusus mencakup web server, FTP server, database server, email <br />server, file server, print server. Mayoritas dari web layanan tersebut juga merupakan jenis server.<br /><br />KOLABORASI ARSITEKTUR SISI KLIEN DAN SERVER<br /><br />Ada beberapa model arsitektur klien-server ini yang umum, yaitu <br /><br />1. Arsitektur mainframe<br />2. Arsitektur file-sharing<br />3. Arsitektur client/server<br /><br />Arsitektur client server dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 model, yaitu single-tier (satu<br />lapis), two-tier (dua lapis) dan three-tier (3 lapis).<br />Berikut penjeLasan dari ketiga modeL arsiTektur cLient server tersebut di atas :<br /><br />>> Arsitektur Single-tier (Satu Lapis)<br />Semua
komponen produksi dari sistem dijalankan pada komputer yang sama pada
arsitektur single tier ini. Model single tier adalah model yang
sederhana, mudah digunakan pengguna (user) dan paling sedikit memiliki
alternatif. Kelemahan dari arsitektur ini adaLah kurang aman dan kurang
memiliki skalabilitas.<br /><br />>> Arsitektur Two-tier (DUa Lapis)<br />Pengolahan
informasi pada arsitektur ini dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu sistem
user interface (antarmuka pengguna) lingkungan dan lingkungan server
manajemen database. Arsitektur two tier memiliki tingkat kemanan yang
lebih tinggi dan terukur daripada arsitektur single-tier. Arsitektur ini
memiliki database pada computer yang terpisah dan hal tersebut
menyebabkan arsitektur ini dapat meningkatkan kinerja keseluruhan situs.<br />Arsitektur
two- tier memiLiki keLemahan, yaitu biayanya yang mahal, arsitekturnya
yang kompleks, tidak adanya pembaruan kode, skalabilitasnya kurang dan
tingkat kemanannya kurang.<br /><br />Di samping itu, kelebihan dari
arsitektur two tier adalah mudah digunakan oleh pengguna, dapat
menangani database server secara khusus dan bisnis lingkup kecil sangat
cocok menggunakan arsitektur ini.<br /><br />>> Arsitektur Three-tier (tiga Lapis)<br />Karena
arsitektur sebelumnya memiliki cukup banyak kelemahan, maka
dikembangkanlah arsitektur three tier ini yang akan membantu mengatasi
kelemahan dari arsitektur two-tier. Arsitektur three-tier memiliki 3
lapisan.<br />Kelebihan dari arsitektur ini adalah memiliki skala yang
besar, transfer informasi antara web server dan server database optimal,
tidak akan menyebabkan lapisan lain terkontaminasi salah jika salah
satu lapisan terdapat keslahan. Dan kekurangannya, arsitektur ini lebih
sulit untuk merancang, lebih sulit untuk mengatur dan lebih mahal.<br />Arsitektur Client Server<br /><br />Arsitektur
jaringan Client Server merupakan model konektivitas pada jaringan yang
membedakan fungsi computer sebagai Client dan Server. Arsitektur ini
menempatkan sebuah komputer sebagai Server. Nah Server ini yang bertugas
memberikan pelayanan kepada terminal-terminal lainnya tang terhubung
dalam system jaringan atau yang kita sebut Clientnya. Server juga dapat
bertugas untuk memberikan layanan berbagi pakai berkas (file server),
printer (printer server), jalur komunikasi (server komunikasi)<br /><br />Dibagi dalam 2 bagian Arsitektur yaitu :<br /><br />Arsitektur Client Side<br />Merujuk
pada pelaksanaan data pada browser sisi koneksi HTTP. JavaScript adalah
sebuah contoh dari sisi eksekusi client dan contoh dari sisi
penyimpanan pada client adalah cookie.<br /><br />Karakteristik :<br />- Memulai terlebih dahulu permintaan ke server.<br />- Menunggu dan menerima balasan.<br />- Terhubung ke sejumlah kecil server pada waktu tertentu.<br />- Berinteraksi langsung dengan pengguna akhir, dengan menggunakan GUI.<br /><br />Arsitektur Server Side<br />Pada
server side, ada sebuah server Web khusus yang bertugas mengeksekusi
perintah dengan menggunakan standar metode HTTP. Misalnya penggunaan CGI
script pada sisi server yang mempunyai tag khusus yang tertanam di
halaman HTML. Tag ini memicu terjadinya perintah untuk mengeksekusi.<br /><br />Karakteristik :<br />- Menunggu permintaan dari salah satu client.<br />- Melayani permintaan klien dan menjawab sesuai data yang diminta oleh client.<br />- Suatu server dapat berkomunikasi dengan server lain untuk melayani permintaan client.<br />- Jenis-jenisnya : web server, FTP server, database server, E-mail server, file server, print server.<br /><br />Dibawah ini merupakan penjelasan tentang beberapa kolaborasi arsitektur sisi client dan sisi server :<br /><br />dibagi atas 3 jenis kolaborasi </span></b></span></span></div>
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</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span><br />1. Arsitektur Single- Tier<br />Arsitektur
Single- Tier adalah semua komponen produksi dari sistem dijalankan pada
komputer yang sama. Sederhana dan alternatifnya sangat mahal.
Membutuhkan sedikit perlengkapan untuk dibeli dan dipelihara.<br /><br />2. Arsitektur Two-tier<br />Pada
Arsitektur Two-tier, antarmukanya terdapat pada lingkungan desktop dan
sistem manajemen database biasanya ada pada server yang lebih kuat yang
menyediakan layanan pada banyak client. Pengolahan informasi dibagi
antara lingkungan antarmuka sistem dan lingkungan server manajemen
database.<br /><br />3. Arsitektur Three-tier<br />Arsitektur Three-Tier
diperkenalkan untuk mengatasi kelemahan dari arsitektur two-tier. Di
tiga tingkatan arsitektur, sebuah middleware digunakan antara sistem
user interface lingkungan client dan server manajemen database
lingkungan. Middleware ini diimplementasikan dalam berbagai cara seperti
pengolahan transaksi monitor, pesan server atau aplikasi server.
Middleware menjalankan fungsi dari antrian, eksekusi aplikasi dan
database staging</span></b></span></span></div>
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</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>sumber: </span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>http://anggunannisaabdullah.blogspot.com/ </span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span> </span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>http://saprida.blogspot.com/2011/09/arsitektur-sisi-klien-client-side-ada.html</span></b></span></span></div>
Restu Anjanihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10419612517424360207noreply@blogger.com0